Review ArticleReviews and Commentaries

Coccydynia: An Overview of the Anatomy, Etiology, and Treatment of Coccyx Pain

Lesley Smallwood Lirette, Gassan Chaiban, Reda Tolba and Hazem Eissa
Ochsner Journal March 2014, 14 (1) 84-87;

REFERENCES

  1. ↵
    1. Simpson J
    (1859) Clinical lectures on the diseases of women. Lecture XVII: coccydynia and diseases and deformities of the coccyx. Med Times Gaz 40:1–7.
    OpenUrl
    1. Grosso NP,
    2. van Dam BE
    (8, 1995) Total coccygectomy for the relief of coccygodynia: a retrospective review. J Spinal Disord 8(4):328–330, pmid:8547776.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  3. ↵
    1. Howorth B
    (1959) The painful coccyx. Clin Orthop 14:145–160.
    OpenUrl
  4. ↵
    1. Kim NH,
    2. Suk KS
    (6, 1999) Clinical and radiological differences between traumatic and idiopathic coccygodynia. Yonsei Med J 40(3):215–220, pmid:10412331.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  5. ↵
    1. Sugar O
    (2 1, 1995) Coccyx. The bone named for a bird. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 20(3):379–383, pmid:7732478.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  6. ↵
    1. Pennekamp PH,
    2. Kraft CN,
    3. Stütz A,
    4. Wallny T,
    5. Schmitt O,
    6. Diedrich O
    (12, 2005) Coccygectomy for coccygodynia: does pathogenesis matter? J Trauma 59(6):1414–1419, pmid:16394915.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  7. ↵
    1. Maigne JY,
    2. Guedj S,
    3. Straus C
    (4 15, 1994) Idiopathic coccygodynia. Lateral roentgenograms in the sitting position and coccygeal discography. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 19(8):930–934, pmid:8009351.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  8. ↵
    1. Postacchini F,
    2. Massobrio M
    (10, 1983) Idiopathic coccygodynia. Analysis of fifty-one operative cases and a radiographic study of the normal coccyx. J Bone Joint Surg Am 65(8):1116–1124, pmid:6226668.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  9. ↵
    1. Maigne JY,
    2. Doursounian L,
    3. Chatellier G
    (12 1, 2000) Causes and mechanisms of common coccydynia: role of body mass index and coccygeal trauma. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 25(23):3072–3079, pmid:11145819.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  10. ↵
    1. Maigne JY,
    2. Pigeau I,
    3. Aguer N,
    4. Doursounian L,
    5. Chatellier G
    (6, 2011) Chronic coccydynia in adolescents. A series of 53 patients. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 47(2):245–251, pmid:21597433.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  11. ↵
    1. Schapiro S
    (1, 1950) Low back and rectal pain from an orthopedic and proctologic viewpoint; with a review of 180 cases. Am J Surg 79(1):117–128, pmid:15399361.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  12. ↵
    1. Nathan ST,
    2. Fisher BE,
    3. Roberts CS
    (12, 2010) Coccydynia: a review of pathoanatomy, aetiology, treatment and outcome. J Bone Joint Surg Br 92(12):1622–1627, pmid:21119164.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  13. ↵
    1. Thiele GH
    (Nov-Dec 1963) Coccygodynia: Cause and treatment. Dis Colon Rectum 6:422–436, pmid:14082980.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Capar B,
    2. Akpinar N,
    3. Kutluay E,
    4. Müjde S,
    5. Turan A
    (Aug-Oct 2007) Coccygectomy in patients with coccydynia [in Turkish]. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 41(4):277–280, pmid:18180556.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  15. ↵
    1. Trollegaard AM,
    2. Aarby NS,
    3. Hellberg S
    (2, 2010) Coccygectomy: an effective treatment option for chronic coccydynia: retrospective results in 41 consecutive patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br 92(2):242–245, pmid:20130316.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  16. ↵
    1. Altman RD,
    2. Dreiser RL,
    3. Fisher CL,
    4. Chase WF,
    5. Dreher DS,
    6. Zacher J
    (9, 2009) Diclofenac sodium gel in patients with primary hand osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Rheumatol 36(9):1991–1999, pmid:19648310, Epub 2009 Jul 31.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Barthel HR,
    2. Haselwood D,
    3. Longley S 3rd.,
    4. Gold MS,
    5. Altman RD
    (12, 2009) Randomized controlled trial of diclofenac sodium gel in knee osteoarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 39(3):203–212, pmid:19932833, Erratum in: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Aug;40(1):95.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  18. ↵
    1. Simon LS,
    2. Grierson LM,
    3. Naseer Z,
    4. Bookman AA
    (6, 2009) Zev Shainhouse J. Efficacy and safety of topical diclofenac containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) compared with those of topical placebo, DMSO vehicle and oral diclofenac for knee osteoarthritis. Pain 143(3):238–245, pmid:19380203, Epub 2009 Apr 19.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  19. ↵
    1. Maigne JY,
    2. Chatellier G
    (10 15, 2001) Comparison of three manual coccydynia treatments: a pilot study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 26(20):E479–E483, pmid:11598528, discussion E484.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  20. ↵
    1. Gupta D,
    2. Jain R,
    3. Mishra S,
    4. Kumar S,
    5. Thulkar S,
    6. Bhatnagar S
    (10, 2008) (2010) Ultrasonography reinvents the originally described technique for ganglion impar neurolysis in perianal cancer pain, Retraction in: Bhatnagar S. Anesth Analg Anesth Analg 107, 111(4), (6):1390–1392, 1560, Dec.
    OpenUrl
  21. ↵
    1. Mitra R,
    2. Cheung L,
    3. Perry P
    (11, 2007) Efficacy of fluoroscopically guided steroid injections in the management of coccydynia. Pain Physician 10(6):775–778, pmid:17987101.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  22. ↵
    1. Foye PM,
    2. Buttaci CJ,
    3. Stitik TP,
    4. Yonclas PP
    (9, 2006) Successful injection for coccyx pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 85(9):783–784, pmid:16924191.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  23. ↵
    1. Plancarte R,
    2. Amescua C,
    3. Patt RB,
    4. Allende S
    (9, 1990) Presacral blockade of the Ganglion of Walther (Ganglion Impar). Anesthesiol 73(3A):A751, (Abstract).
    OpenUrl
  24. ↵
    1. Toshniwal GR,
    2. Dureja GP,
    3. Prashanth SM
    (9, 2007) Transsacrococcygeal approach to ganglion impar block for management of chronic perineal pain: a prospective observational study. Pain Physician 10(5):661–666, pmid:17876362.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  25. ↵
    1. Haider N
    (2008) Coccydynia Treated with Spinal Cord Stimulation; A Case Report. American Academy of Pain Medicine 24th Annual Meeting, Poster 144, http://aapm.confex.com/aapm/2008am/techprogram/P2716.HTM. Accessed December 2, 2013.
  26. ↵
    1. Wray CC,
    2. Easom S,
    3. Hoskinson J
    (3, 1991) Coccydynia. Aetiology and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Br 73(2):335–338, pmid:2005168.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  27. ↵
    1. Perkins R,
    2. Schofferman J,
    3. Reynolds J
    (2, 2003) Coccygectomy for severe refractory sacrococcygeal joint pain. J Spinal Disord Tech 16(1):100–103, pmid:12571492.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  28. ↵
    1. Dean LM,
    2. Syed MI,
    3. Jan SA,
    4. Patel NA,
    5. Shaikh A,
    6. Morar K,
    7. Shah O
    (5, 2006) Coccygeoplasty: treatment for fractures of the coccyx. J Vasc Interv Radiol 17(5):909–912, pmid:16687760.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  29. ↵
    1. Bergkamp AB,
    2. Verhaar JA
    (9, 1995) Dislocation of the coccyx: a case report. J Bone Joint Surg Br 77(5):831–832, pmid:7559720.
    OpenUrlPubMed
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Email Article
Citation Tools

Jump to section

Keywords