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Figures
- Figure.
Extracellular vesicle (EV) trafficking during pregnancy. EVs—including small EVs such as exosomes and large EVs such as microvesicles and apoptotic bodies—are released from the human placenta into maternal and fetal circulation during pregnancy. Placental EVs present in maternal circulation can interact with maternal tissues and regulate several biologic functions, including maternal immune response, migration/invasion, metabolic adaptation to pregnancy, and vascular reactivity. EVs present in fetal circulation are associated with fetal development. GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; PE, preeclampsia.
Tables
Study Extracellular Vesicle Sample Collection Type Gestational Age, weeks Isolation Method Pregnancy Biological Process Analyzed Maternal circulation Sabapatha et al, 200634 Exosomes Plasma 28-30 Immunomagnetic isolation Normal Maternal immune response Luo et al, 200935 Exosomes Plasma 7-11 36-38 Centrifugation Normal miRNA analysis Sarker et al, 20145 Exosomes Plasma 6-12 Centrifugation and density gradient Normal Placental exosomes increase from 6-12 weeks Salomon et al, 201425 Exosomes Plasma 6-12 22-28 32-36 Centrifugation and density gradient Normal Exosomes increase across gestation Pillay et al, 201636 Exosomes Plasma >30 Centrifugation and density gradient PE High levels of placental exosomes in PE Salomon et al, 20166 Exosomes Plasma 11-14 22-28 32-36 Centrifugation and density gradient GDM High levels of placental exosomes in GDM Ratajczak et al, 201338 Microvesicles Plasma N/A N/A Normal Angiogenesis da Silva Nardi et al, 201637 Microvesicles Plasma 12-18 Commercial kit Normal Immunologic role Goswami et al, 200628 STMB Plasma >34 Centrifugation PE, IUGR High levels of placental STMB Chen et al, 201239 STMB Plasma >34 Centrifugation PE High levels of placental STMB Dragovic et al, 201314 STMB Plasma >37 Centrifugation PE High level of EVs in late-onset PE Moro et al, 201640 Microparticles Plasma >37 Centrifugation HIV infection Immunologic role Lok et al, 200841 Microparticles Plasma 12-38 Centrifugation PE High levels of placental microparticles Fetal circulation Li et al, 201342 MSC-derived exosomes Umbilical vein blood At delivery Centrifugation and filtration Normal Cell therapy Zhou et al, 201343 MSC-derived exosomes Umbilical vein blood At delivery Centrifugation and filtration Normal Cell therapy Jia et al, 201533 MSC-derived exosomes Umbilical vein blood At delivery Centrifugation PE Proteomic analysis GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction; miRNA, micro-RNA; MSC, mesenchymal stem cells; N/A, not applicable; PE, preeclampsia; STMB, syncytiotrophoblast microvesicles.
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