PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Mark A. Grise AU - Anil Verma TI - Treatment of Refractory Angina DP - 2009 Dec 21 TA - Ochsner Journal PG - 220--226 VI - 9 IP - 4 4099 - http://www.ochsnerjournal.org/content/9/4/220.short 4100 - http://www.ochsnerjournal.org/content/9/4/220.full SO - Ochsner J2009 Dec 21; 9 AB - It is estimated that as many as 1,000,000 people in the United States have chronic symptomatic coronary artery disease (often referred to as refractory angina) that is recalcitrant to medical therapy and unamenable to conventional revascularization procedures. Patients have reproducible lifestyle-limiting symptoms of chest pain, shortness of breath, and easy fatigability. Several new therapies are available to treat this difficult patient population, including newer drugs, enhanced external counterpulsation, transmyocardial revascularization, and cell-based therapies. This article reviews the current state of the art for treatment of refractory angina.