Rapid changes in histone deacetylases and inflammatory gene expression in expert meditators
Introduction
Poor stress-coping contributes to the development of chronic diseases and accelerated aging (Epel et al., 2009, Juster et al., 2010, Karatsoreos and McEwen, 2011). Therefore, a growing body of scientific research is devoted to understanding the neurophysiological and cellular responses induced by methods that improve stress management. Among them, mindfulness-based meditation practices, which intentionally cultivate attentional skills, have become an increasingly popular approach, with accumulating experimental evidence of beneficial effects on psychological, neurological, endocrine and immune variables (Kabat-Zinn et al., 1998, Ludwig and Kabat-Zinn, 2008, Lutz et al., 2008, Schmidt et al., 2011, Farb et al., 2012, Rosenkranz et al., 2013). However, our molecular understanding of how they can influence a broad range of biological processes, from brain networks to the immune system, remains limited.
To date, few studies have analyzed the effects of mindfulness techniques at the cellular level. Studies in blood cells have found that the mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program reduced cytokine secretion, oxidative stress and DNA damage (Carlson et al., 2003), increased natural killer cell activity and decreased interleukin secretion in women recently diagnosed with early stage breast cancer (Witek-Janusek et al., 2008), and increased CD4+ T lymphocyte counts in HIV infected subjects (Creswell et al., 2009). Some reports have also described the molecular impact of other meditation-based interventions using blood cells; for example, RNA microarray studies suggested that the expression of genes involved in cellular metabolism and oxidative stress pathways in blood cells are modulated by body–mind relaxation response training (Dusek et al., 2008, Bhasin et al., 2013). Recent bioinformatic analyses from PBMC genome-wide microarrays have suggested that yogic meditation in family dementia caregivers decreased pro-inflammatory NFκ-B signaling and increased the activity of interferon response factors (Black et al., 2013). Increased telomerase activity was detected in response to the same intervention (Lavretsky et al., 2013).
Environmental stimuli influence most body functions, including stress responsiveness and behavior, through extracellular and intracellular pathways that interact with the epigenetic machinery (Graff et al., 2011). In rodents, psychological stress during adulthood induces dynamic epigenetic events such histone acetylation and phosphorylation in the dentate gyrus as soon as 2 h after the start of exposure to a novel environment or forced swimming (Chandramohan et al., 2007, Chandramohan et al., 2008) and in the hippocampus 1 h after training using a fear conditioning paradigm (Chwang et al., 2007). Rapid epigenetic changes in response to environmental exposures such as diet and physical exercise have also been detected in human peripheral tissues (Kaliman et al., 2011, Pham and Lee, 2012). However, no data are currently available regarding the possibility of an epigenetic basis for the effects of mindfulness meditation. Here we show evidence of rapid gene expression changes in chromatin regulatory enzymes, alterations in histone modifications and downregulation of proinflammatory genes after a short intensive session of mindfulness meditation in experienced subjects. In addition, we observe relations between these changes and stress-evoked cortisol responses.
Section snippets
Participants
A group of 19 long-term meditators, and a control group of 21 meditation-naïve participants with similar distributions of age, gender, race and body-mass index (S1) were studied before (8 am) and after (4 pm) an intensive day of mindfulness meditation or leisure time in the same environment.
Participants provided written informed consent prior to the study procedures, which were approved by the UW-Madison Health Sciences Internal Review Board. They were informed of the study requirements and
Expression of circadian rhythm regulatory genes
Circadian clock genes synchronize the light–dark phases with physiological functions such as cellular metabolism, hormone secretion, feeding behavior and body temperature (Nakahata et al., 2007, Yan, 2009). Diurnal changes at 4 h intervals have been detected in the gene expression of circadian regulators (PER2 and BMAL1) and neurohormones (melatonin and cortisol) in human PBMC in response to alterations of light exposure and sleep deprivation (Kavcic et al., 2011). Since eyes closed rest and
Discussion
Here we show that expert meditators display rapid peripheral changes in the expression of histone deacetylase genes (HDAC 2, 3 and 9), global histone modifications (H4ac; H3K4me3) and pro-inflammatory genes (RIPK2 and COX2) at the end of an intensive day of mindfulness practice. Notably, lower levels of HDAC2 and RIPK2 predicted better cortisol recovery in a social stress test.
The current study was not designed to disentangle the effect of acute mindfulness practice from the enduring impact of
Role of funding sources
None.
Conflict of interest statement
None declared.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants from the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine of NIH to RJD and AL (P01-AT004952) and by grants to RJD from the Fetzer Institute, the John Templeton Foundation and an anonymous donor. We would like to thank David Bachhuber for his excellent work with the planning and logistics of data collection and José Ríos from the Biostatistics and Data Management Platform at IDIBAPS, for assistance in the statistical analysis.
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