ReportsTanning salon exposure and molecular alterations☆,☆☆,★
Section snippets
Material and methods
To avoid the potential confounding effects of casual outdoor sunlight exposure, this investigation was performed in the spring. Subject inclusion criteria included age between 18 and 50 years, good general health, Fitzpatrick skin type II or III, nongravid and non-breast-feeding state, and willingness to use contraception throughout the study. Exclusion criteria included dysplastic nevi, history of malignancy, connective tissue disease or any type of photosensitivity, use of systemic or topical
Results
Eleven subjects were recruited and completed the study as planned. The average age of subjects was 38 years (standard deviation [SD], 8.2 years); 4 were males; 10 had Fitzpatrick skin type II and one had skin type III. As outlined in the Methods section, the UV dose was increased by 20% per treatment to a maximum of 2 times the initial dose. Although no subjects had erythema in the 24 hours after the first exposure, on the subsequent 9 exposures all subjects had at least one episode of mild
Discussion
Epidemiologic studies and case reports have cited an increased risk of potentially fatal melanoma in persons frequenting tanning salons.8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Experimental animal studies have supported the role of tanning salon—type radiation sources in cutaneous carcinogenesis.17, 18, 19 Despite these studies and concerns regarding other tanning salon—associated morbidities, regulation of this $2 billion industry in the United States is spotty, with only 21 states having regulatory
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Cited by (72)
Indoor tanning and skin cancer in Canada: A meta-analysis and attributable burden estimation
2019, Cancer EpidemiologyCitation Excerpt :Indoor tanning is similar to sun exposure for ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation exposure, but is 10–15 times stronger than sun exposure for ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation [6]. With longer wavelengths than UVB radiation, UVA rays penetrate more deeply into the skin than UVB, and can cause mutations in tumor suppressor genes or other oncogenes, both directly through DNA damage and indirectly through oxidative stress [7]. Moreover, UVA has been shown to be relatively ineffective at inducing pigmentation changes that can attenuate the potentially damaging effects of future exposure to UVR, as UVB does [8].
Tanning bed use and melanoma: Establishing risk and improving prevention interventions
2016, Preventive Medicine ReportsCitation Excerpt :Exposure to UVR from indoor tanning devices has been shown to cause DNA damage in skin cells, and is associated with an increased risk of developing melanoma, and squamous and basal cell carcinomas (Whitmore et al., 2001; The International Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group on Artificial Ultraviolet I SC, 2006; Karagas et al., 2002). Indoor tanning has also been associated with accelerated skin aging, ocular melanoma, immune suppression, and skin burns (Whitmore et al., 2001; Piepkorn, 2000; Vajdic et al., 2004; Walters and Kelley, 1987; Clingen et al., 2001; Cokkinides et al., 2009). Due to variation in the intensity and UV wavelength emitted by indoor tanning devices, consistent regulation of their use is paramount.
Ultra-violet indoor tanning addiction: A reinforcer pathology interpretation
2015, Addictive BehaviorsCitation Excerpt :More than 1,000,000 Americans will expose their skin to dangerous levels of ultra-violet radiation via ultra-violet indoor tanning (UVIT) in the next 24 h (Whitmore, Morison, Potten, & Chadwick, 2001), with nearly 30,000,000 Americans engaging in UVIT over the course of the year (Kwon et al., 2002).
Tanning accelerators: Prevalence, predictors of use, and adverse effects
2015, Journal of the American Academy of DermatologyTanning lamps: Health effects and reclassification by the Food and Drug Administration
2015, Journal of the American Academy of DermatologyTanning beds: Impact on health, and recent regulations
2016, Clinics in Dermatology
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Supported by the Dermatology Foundation Clinical Career Development Award sponsored by Ortho Dermatological and by the American Cancer Society Institutional Research Grant, #1RG11-35.
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Reprint requests: S. Elizabeth Whitmore, MD, Department of Dermatology, 550 N Broadway, Suite 1002, Baltimore, MD 21205.
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J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:775-80.