A controversial entity, Eagle's syndrome, is reviewed. After an anatomical description of the maxillo-vertebro-pharyngeal region we summarize the causative, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of the syndrome. Two different conditions are often reported as Eagle's syndrome: one characterized by dysphagia and unilateral pharyngeal pain radiating to the ear and worsened by swallowing; the other characterized by pain in the head and neck region due to compression of the neurovascular structure by an elongated styloid process. The latter also includes typical cranial neuralgias (such as glossopharyngeal neuralgia) and carotidynia. We believe that the term "Eagle's syndrome" is legitimate only in the first case and in those "atypical" painful head and neck conditions related to an elongated styloid process and relieved by styloidectomy. We believe Eagle's syndrome deserves consideration in the International Headache Classification.