Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Ahead of print
    • Archive
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
  • About Us
    • About the Ochsner Journal
    • Editorial Board
  • More
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
  • Other Publications
    • Ochsner Journal Blog

User menu

  • My alerts
  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
Ochsner Journal
  • Other Publications
    • Ochsner Journal Blog
  • My alerts
  • Log in
Ochsner Journal

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Ahead of print
    • Archive
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
  • About Us
    • About the Ochsner Journal
    • Editorial Board
  • More
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
Review ArticleReviews and Commentaries

Neurobiology of Peripheral Nerve Injury, Regeneration, and Functional Recovery: From Bench Top Research to Bedside Application

Wale Sulaiman and Tessa Gordon
Ochsner Journal March 2013, 13 (1) 100-108;
Wale Sulaiman
*Department of Neurosurgery, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, and The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans, LA
MD, PhD, FRCS
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Tessa Gordon
†Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
PhD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

REFERENCES

  1. ↵
    1. Winn HR
    1. Sulaiman OAR,
    2. Midha R,
    3. Gordon T
    (2011) in Youmans Neurological Surgery. 6th ed, Pathophysiology of surgical nerve disorders, ed Winn HR (Saunders; Philadelphia, PA) In, ed, pp 2368–2379.
  2. ↵
    1. Sulaiman OA,
    2. Gordon T
    (12, 2000) Effects of short- and long-term Schwann cell denervation on peripheral nerve regeneration, myelination, and size. Glia 32(3):234–246, pmid:11102965.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  3. ↵
    1. Sunderland S
    (1978) Nerves and Nerve Injuries (Churchill Livingstone; Edinburgh, Scotland).
  4. ↵
    1. Sulaiman WA,
    2. Kline DG
    (2006) Nerve surgery: a review and insights about its future. Clin Neurosurg 53:38–47, pmid:17380737.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  5. ↵
    1. Fu SY,
    2. Gordon T
    (5, 1995) Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged axotomy. J Neurosci 15(5 Pt 2):3876–3885, pmid:7751952.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  6. ↵
    1. Fu SY,
    2. Gordon T
    (Feb-Apr 1997) The cellular and molecular basis of peripheral nerve regeneration. Mol Neurobiol 14(1-2):67–116, pmid:9170101.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  7. ↵
    1. Boyd JG,
    2. Gordon T
    (2, 2002) A dose-dependent facilitation and inhibition of peripheral nerve regeneration by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Eur J Neurosci 15(4):613–626, pmid:11886442.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  8. ↵
    1. Sulaiman OA,
    2. Midha R,
    3. Munro CA,
    4. et al.
    (8, 2002) Chronic Schwann cell denervation and the presence of a sensory nerve reduce motor axonal regeneration. Exp Neurol 176(2):342–354, pmid:12359176.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Sulaiman OA,
    2. Voda J,
    3. Gold BG,
    4. Gordon T
    (5, 2002) FK506 increases peripheral nerve regeneration after chronic axotomy but not after chronic Schwann cell denervation. Exp Neurol 175(1):127–137, pmid:12009765.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  9. ↵
    1. Fu SY,
    2. Gordon T
    (5, 1995) Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged denervation. J Neurosci 15(5 Pt 2):3886–3895, pmid:7751953.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  10. ↵
    1. Gordon T,
    2. Tyreman N,
    3. Raji MA
    (4 6, 2011) The basis for diminished functional recovery after delayed peripheral nerve repair. J Neurosci 31(14):5325–5334, pmid:21471367.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  11. ↵
    1. Boyd JG,
    2. Gordon T
    (6, 2003) Neurotrophic factors and their receptors in axonal regeneration and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury. Mol Neurobiol 27(3):277–324, pmid:12845152.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Sulaiman OA,
    2. Gordon T
    (3 1, 2002) Transforming growth factor-beta and forskolin attenuate the adverse effects of long-term Schwann cell denervation on peripheral nerve regeneration in vivo. Glia 37(3):206–218, pmid:11857679.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  12. ↵
    1. Gordon T,
    2. Fu SY
    (1997) Long-term response to nerve injury. Adv Neurol 72:185–199, pmid:8993698.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Boyd JG,
    2. Gordon T
    (10, 2003) Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor sustain the axonal regeneration of chronically axotomized motoneurons in vivo. Exp Neurol 183(2):610–619, pmid:14552902.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Sulaiman OAR,
    2. Gordon T
    (9, 2003) TGF-beta reverses the deleterious effect of long-term Schwann cell denervation on nerve regeneration by inducing erbB3 receptor expression. Glia 43(Suppl 2):24.
    OpenUrl
    1. Midha R,
    2. Munro CA,
    3. Chan S,
    4. Nitising A,
    5. Xu QG,
    6. Gordon T
    (12, 2005) Regeneration into protected and chronically denervated peripheral nerve stumps. Neurosurgery 57(6):1289–1299, pmid:16331178.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  13. ↵
    1. Sulaiman OA,
    2. Gordon T
    (10, 2009) Role of chronic Schwann cell denervation in poor functional recovery after nerve injuries and experimental strategies to combat it. Neurosurgery 65(4 Suppl):A105–A114, pmid:19927054.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  14. ↵
    1. Cajal SR
    (1928) Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous System (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK) Translated by R. M. May.
  15. ↵
    1. Ertürk A,
    2. Hellal F,
    3. Enes J,
    4. Bradke F
    (8 22, 2007) Disorganized microtubules underlie the formation of retraction bulbs and the failure of axonal regeneration. J Neurosci 27(34):9169–9180, pmid:17715353.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  16. ↵
    1. Morris JH,
    2. Hudson AR,
    3. Weddell G
    (1972) A study of degeneration and regeneration in the divided rat sciatic nerve based on electron microscopy. II. The development of the “regenerating unit. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 124(1):103–130, pmid:5011137.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  17. ↵
    1. McQuarrie IG
    (1 8, 1985) Effect of conditioning lesion on axonal sprout formation at nodes of Ranvier. J Comp Neurol 231(2):239–249, pmid:2578490.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  18. ↵
    1. Kettenmann H,
    2. Ransom BR
    1. Sulaiman OAR,
    2. Boyd JG,
    3. Gordon T
    (2005) in Neuroglia. 2nd ed, Axonal regeneration in the peripheral system of mammals, eds Kettenmann H, Ransom BR (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK) In, eds, pp 454–466.
  19. ↵
    1. Aitken JT,
    2. Sharman M,
    3. Young JZ
    (1947) Maturation of peripheral nerve fibres with various peripheral connections. J Anat 81:1–22.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Toft PB,
    2. Fugleholm K,
    3. Schmalbruch H
    (8, 1988) Axonal branching following crush lesions of peripheral nerves of rat. Muscle Nerve 11(8):880–889, pmid:3173412.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  20. ↵
    1. Navarro X,
    2. Vivó M,
    3. Valero-Cabré A
    (7, 2007) Neural plasticity after peripheral nerve injury and regeneration. Prog Neurobiol 82(4):163–201, pmid:17643733, Epub 2007 Jun 22.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  21. ↵
    1. Waller A
    (1850) Experiments on the section of the glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves of the frog, and observations of the alterations produced thereby in the structure of their primitive fibres. Philos Trans R Soc London 140:423–429.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  22. ↵
    1. Wang JT,
    2. Medress ZA,
    3. Barres BA
    (1 9, 2012) Axon degeneration: molecular mechanisms of a self-destruction pathway. J Cell Biol 196(1):7–18, pmid:22232700.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  23. ↵
    1. Miledi R,
    2. Slater CR
    (4, 1970) On the degeneration of rat neuromuscular junctions after nerve section. J Physiol 207(2):507–528, pmid:5499034.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  24. ↵
    1. Zhai Q,
    2. Wang J,
    3. Kim A,
    4. et al.
    (7 17, 2003) Involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in the early stages of wallerian degeneration. Neuron 39(2):217–225, pmid:12873380.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  25. ↵
    1. Sulaiman OAR,
    2. Cellular Gordon T
    (2003) and molecular interactions after peripheral and central nerve injury. Biomed Rev 14:51–62.
    OpenUrl
  26. ↵
    1. Höke A,
    2. Mi R
    (8, 2007) In search of novel treatments for peripheral neuropathies and nerve regeneration. Discov Med 7(39):109–112, pmid:18093472.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  27. ↵
    1. Brushart TM
    (2011) Nerve Repair (Oxford University Press; New York, NY).
  28. ↵
    1. Jessen KR,
    2. Richardson WD
    1. Scherer SS,
    2. Salzer JL
    (1996) in Glial Cell Development: Basic Principles and Clinical Relevance, Axon-Schwann cell interactions during peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration, eds Jessen KR, Richardson WD (Bios Scientific; Oxford, UK) In, eds, pp 169–196.
  29. ↵
    1. Höke A,
    2. Gordon T,
    3. Zochodne DW,
    4. Sulaiman OA
    (1, 2002) A decline in glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor expression is associated with impaired regeneration after long-term Schwann cell denervation. Exp Neurol 173(1):77–85, pmid:11771940.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  30. ↵
    1. You S,
    2. Petrov T,
    3. Chung PH,
    4. Gordon T
    (6, 1997) The expression of the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor in long-term denervated Schwann cells. Glia 20(2):87–100, pmid:9179594.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  31. ↵
    1. Bisby MA,
    2. Tetzlaff W
    (1992) Changes in cytoskeletal protein synthesis following axon injury and during axon regeneration. Mol Neurobiol 6(2-3):107–123, pmid:1476674, Summer-Fall.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  32. ↵
    1. Gutmann E
    (7, 1948) Effect of delay of innervation on recovery of muscle after nerve lesions. J Neurophysiol 11(4):279–294, pmid:18872397.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  33. ↵
    1. Gutmann E,
    2. Young JZ
    (1, 1944) The re-innervation of muscle after various periods of atrophy. J Anat 78(Pt 1-2):15–43, pmid:17104938.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  34. ↵
    1. Li H,
    2. Terenghi G,
    3. Hall SM
    (8, 1997) Effects of delayed re-innervation on the expression of c-erbB receptors by chronically denervated rat Schwann cells in vivo. Glia 20(4):333–347, pmid:9262237.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  35. ↵
    1. Tetzlaff W,
    2. Leonard C,
    3. Krekoski CA,
    4. Parhad IM,
    5. Bisby MA
    (5, 1996) Reductions in motoneuronal neurofilament synthesis by successive axotomies: a possible explanation for the conditioning lesion effect on axon regeneration. Exp Neurol 139(1):95–106, pmid:8635572.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  36. ↵
    1. Gordon T,
    2. Pattullo MC
    (1993) Plasticity of muscle fiber and motor unit types. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 21:331–362, pmid:8504847.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  37. ↵
    1. Brushart TM
    (6, 1993) Motor axons preferentially reinnervate motor pathways. J Neurosci 13(6):2730–2738, pmid:8501535.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  38. ↵
    1. Brushart TM,
    2. Mesulam MM
    (4, 1980) Transganglionic demonstration of central sensory projections from skin and muscle with HRP-lectin conjugates. Neurosci Lett 17(1-2):1–6, pmid:6189006.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  39. ↵
    1. Gordon T,
    2. Stein RB,
    3. Thomas CK
    (5, 1986) Organization of motor units following cross-reinnervation of antagonistic muscles in the cat hind limb. J Physiol 374:443–456, pmid:3746699.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  40. ↵
    1. Al-Majed AA,
    2. Neumann CM,
    3. Brushart TM,
    4. Gordon T
    (4 1, 2000) Brief electrical stimulation promotes the speed and accuracy of motor axonal regeneration. J Neurosci 20(7):2602–2608, pmid:10729340.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  41. ↵
    1. Martini R,
    2. Schachner M,
    3. Brushart TM
    (11, 1994) The L2/HNK-1 carbohydrate is preferentially expressed by previously motor axon-associated Schwann cells in reinnervated peripheral nerves. J Neurosci 14(11 Pt 2):7180–7191, pmid:7525896.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  42. ↵
    1. Eberhardt KA,
    2. Irintchev A,
    3. Al-Majed AA,
    4. et al.
    (4, 2006) BDNF/TrkB signaling regulates HNK-1 carbohydrate expression in regenerating motor nerves and promotes functional recovery after peripheral nerve repair. Exp Neurol 198(2):500–510, pmid:16460731, Epub 2006 Feb 7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  43. ↵
    1. Höke A,
    2. Redett R,
    3. Hameed H,
    4. et al.
    (9 20, 2006) Schwann cells express motor and sensory phenotypes that regulate axon regeneration. J Neurosci 26(38):9646–9655, pmid:16988035.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  44. ↵
    1. Al-Majed AA,
    2. Brushart TM,
    3. Gordon T
    (12, 2000) Electrical stimulation accelerates and increases expression of BDNF and trkB mRNA in regenerating rat femoral motoneurons. Eur J Neurosci 12(12):4381–4390, pmid:11122348.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Brushart TM,
    2. Hoffman PN,
    3. Royall RM,
    4. et al.
    (8 1, 2002) Electrical stimulation promotes motoneuron regeneration without increasing its speed or conditioning the neuron. J Neurosci 22(15):6631–6638, pmid:12151542.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  45. ↵
    1. Gordon T,
    2. Sulaiman OA,
    3. Ladak A
    (2009) Chapter 24: Electrical stimulation for improving nerve regeneration: where do we stand? Int Rev Neurobiol 87:433–444, pmid:19682653.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  46. ↵
    1. Midha R
    (2006) Emerging techniques for nerve repair: nerve transfers and nerve guidance tubes. Clin Neurosurg 53:185–190, pmid:17380750.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  47. ↵
    1. Pfister LA,
    2. Papaloïzos M,
    3. Merkle HP,
    4. Gander B
    (6, 2007) Nerve conduits and growth factor delivery in peripheral nerve repair. J Peripher Nerv Syst 12(2):65–82, pmid:17565531.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Ochsner Journal
Vol. 13, Issue 1
Mar 2013
  • Table of Contents
  • Index by author
Print
Download PDF
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Ochsner Journal.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Neurobiology of Peripheral Nerve Injury, Regeneration, and Functional Recovery: From Bench Top Research to Bedside Application
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Ochsner Journal
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Ochsner Journal web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Citation Tools
Neurobiology of Peripheral Nerve Injury, Regeneration, and Functional Recovery: From Bench Top Research to Bedside Application
Wale Sulaiman, Tessa Gordon
Ochsner Journal Mar 2013, 13 (1) 100-108;

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Neurobiology of Peripheral Nerve Injury, Regeneration, and Functional Recovery: From Bench Top Research to Bedside Application
Wale Sulaiman, Tessa Gordon
Ochsner Journal Mar 2013, 13 (1) 100-108;
del.icio.us logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • ABSTRACT
    • INTRODUCTION
    • REGENERATIVE RESPONSE AFTER NERVE INJURY AND ITS ROLE IN FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME
    • EXPERIMENTAL PARADIGMS AND ASSESSMENT OF AXONAL REGENERATION AFTER NERVE INJURY AND MICROSURGICAL REPAIR
    • CONCLUSIONS
    • Footnotes
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Cited By...

  • Recovery of retinal terminal fields after traumatic brain injury: evidence of collateral sprouting and sexual dimorphism
  • Evaluation of distal facial nerve branches contribution to facial nerve paralysis in rodents
  • Schwann Cells as Orchestrators of Nerve Repair: Implications for Tissue Regeneration and Pathologies
  • Nerve injury converts Schwann cells in a persisting repair state in human neuroma tissue
  • Targeting Vasohibins to Promote Axon Regeneration
  • Human Motor Endplate Survival after Chronic Peripheral Nerve Injury
  • VASH1/2 inhibition accelerates functional recovery of injured nerves
  • Angiogenesis is critical for the regenerative effects of exercise
  • Repetitive Peripheral Magnetic Stimulation (rPMS) in Subjects With Lumbar Radiculopathy: An Electromyography-guided Prospective, Randomized Study
  • Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 Regulates Fibroblast Growth Factor 7 Expression in Schwann Cells
  • Collagen XIII Is Required for Neuromuscular Synapse Regeneration and Functional Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Injury
  • After Nerve Injury, Lineage Tracing Shows That Myelin and Remak Schwann Cells Elongate Extensively and Branch to Form Repair Schwann Cells, Which Shorten Radically on Remyelination
  • Nerve injuries of the upper extremity and hand
  • STAT3 Controls the Long-Term Survival and Phenotype of Repair Schwann Cells during Nerve Regeneration
  • Recovery of erectile function comparing autologous nerve grafts, unseeded conduits, Schwann-cell-seeded guidance tubes and GDNF-overexpressing Schwann cell grafts
  • Recent Publications by Ochsner Authors
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Rhabdomyolysis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment
  • iPhone and iPad Use in Orthopedic Surgery
  • Drug-Induced Acute Pancreatitis: A Review
Show more Reviews and Commentaries

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • Axotomy
  • cytokines
  • denervation
  • nerve growth factors
  • nerve regeneration
  • neurobiology
  • peripheral nerve injuries
  • recovery of function
  • Schwann cells

Ochsner Journal Blog

Current Post

Be Careful Where You Publish -- Part 2

Our Content

  • Home
  • Current Issue
  • Ahead of Print
  • Archive
  • Featured Contributors
  • Ochsner Journal Blog
  • Archive at PubMed Central

Information & Forms

  • Instructions for Authors
  • Instructions for Reviewers
  • Submission Checklist
  • FAQ
  • License for Publishing-Author Attestation
  • Patient Consent Form
  • Submit a Manuscript

Services & Contacts

  • Permissions
  • Sign up for our electronic table of contents
  • Feedback Form
  • Contact Us

About Us

  • Editorial Board
  • About the Ochsner Journal
  • Ochsner Health
  • University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School
  • Alliance of Independent Academic Medical Centers

© 2025 Ochsner Clinic Foundation

Powered by HighWire