Review ArticleReviews and Commentaries

Acute Kidney Injury: Quoi de Neuf?

Ronald R. Reichel
Ochsner Journal September 2014, 14 (3) 359-368;

REFERENCES

  1. ↵
    1. Floege J,
    2. Johnson RJ,
    3. Feehally J
    (2010) Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. 4th ed (Saunders; St. Louis, MO) eds.
  2. ↵
    1. Murray PT,
    2. Liu KD
    (5, 2013) Acute kidney injury and critical care nephrology. NephSAP 12(2):77–152.
    OpenUrl
  3. ↵
    1. Liaño F,
    2. Pascual J
    (9, 1996) Epidemiology of acute renal failure: a prospective, multicenter, community-based study. Madrid Acute Renal Failure Study Group. Kidney Int 50(3):811–818, pmid:8872955.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  4. ↵
    1. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO),
    2. Acute Kidney Injury Work Group
    (3, 2012) KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl 2(1):1–138.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  5. ↵
    1. Mehta RL,
    2. Kellum JA,
    3. Shah SV,
    4. et al.
    (2007) Acute Kidney Injury Network. Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care 11(2):R31, pmid:17331245.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  6. ↵
    1. Venkataraman R,
    2. Kellum JA
    (Jul-Aug 2007) Defining acute renal failure: the RIFLE criteria. J Intensive Care Med 22(4):187–193, pmid:17712054.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  7. ↵
    1. Pickering JW,
    2. Endre ZH
    (7, 2010) Back-calculating baseline creatinine with MDRD misclassifies acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5(7):1165–1173, pmid:20498242, Epub 2010 May 24.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  8. ↵
    1. Pickering JW,
    2. Frampton CM,
    3. Walker RJ,
    4. Shaw GM,
    5. Endre ZH
    (2012) Four hour creatinine clearance is better than plasma creatinine for monitoring renal function in critically ill patients. Crit Care 16(3):R107, pmid:22713519, Jun 19, [Epub ahead of print].
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  9. ↵
    1. Englberger L,
    2. Suri RM,
    3. Li Z,
    4. et al.
    (2011) Clinical accuracy of RIFLE and Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria for acute kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Crit Care 15(1):R16, pmid:21232094, Epub 2011 Jan 13.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  10. ↵
    1. Ho J,
    2. Reslerova M,
    3. Gali B,
    4. et al.
    (2, 2012) Serum creatinine measurement immediately after cardiac surgery and prediction of acute kidney injury. Am J Kidney Dis 59(2):196–201, pmid:21967775, Epub 2011 Oct 2.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  11. ↵
    1. Macedo E,
    2. Bouchard J,
    3. Soroko SH,
    4. et al.
    (2010) Program to Improve Care in Acute Renal Disease Study. Fluid accumulation, recognition and staging of acute kidney injury in critically-ill patients. Crit Care 14(3):R82, pmid:20459609, Epub 2010 May 6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  12. ↵
    1. Liu KD,
    2. Thompson BT,
    3. Ancukiewicz M,
    4. et al.
    (12, 2011) National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Acute kidney injury in patients with acute lung injury: impact of fluid accumulation on classification of acute kidney injury and associated outcomes. Crit Care Med 39(12):2665–2671, pmid:21785346.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  13. ↵
    1. Shlipak MG,
    2. Coca SG,
    3. Wang Z,
    4. et al.
    (9, 2011) TRIBE-AKI Consortium. Presurgical serum cystatin C and risk of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Am J Kidney Dis 58(3):366–373, pmid:21601336, Epub 2011 May 20.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  14. ↵
    1. Coca SG,
    2. Jammalamadaka D,
    3. Sint K,
    4. et al.
    (2, 2012) Translational Research Investigating Biomarker Endpoints in Acute Kidney Injury Consortium. Preoperative proteinuria predicts acute kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 143(2):495–502, pmid:22050987, Epub 2011 Nov 3.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  15. ↵
    1. Parikh CR,
    2. Coca SG,
    3. Thiessen-Philbrook H,
    4. et al.
    (9, 2011) TRIBE-AKI Consortium. Postoperative biomarkers predict acute kidney injury and poor outcomes after adult cardiac surgery. J Am Soc Nephrol 22(9):1748–1757, pmid:21836143, Epub 2011 Aug 11.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  16. ↵
    1. Nickolas TL,
    2. Schmidt-Ott KM,
    3. Canetta P,
    4. et al.
    (1 17, 2012) Diagnostic and prognostic stratification in the emergency department using urinary biomarkers of nephron damage: a multicenter prospective cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol 59(3):246–255, pmid:22240130.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  17. ↵
    1. de Geus HR,
    2. Bakker J,
    3. Lesaffre EM,
    4. le Noble JL
    (4 1, 2011) Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin at ICU admission predicts for acute kidney injury in adult patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183(7):907–914, pmid:20935115, Epub 2010 Oct 8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  18. ↵
    1. Licurse A,
    2. Kim MC,
    3. Dziura J,
    4. et al.
    (11 22, 2010) Renal ultrasonography in the evaluation of acute kidney injury: developing a risk stratification framework. Arch Intern Med 170(21):1900–1907, pmid:21098348.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  19. ↵
    1. Soto GJ,
    2. Frank AJ,
    3. Christiani DC,
    4. Gong MN
    (9, 2012) Body mass index and acute kidney injury in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 40(9):2601–2608, pmid:22732288.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  20. ↵
    1. Plataki M,
    2. Kashani K,
    3. Cabello-Garza J,
    4. et al.
    (7, 2011) Predictors of acute kidney injury in septic shock patients: an observational cohort study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6(7):1744–1751, pmid:21734090.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  21. ↵
    1. Hsu RK,
    2. Hsu CY
    (5, 2011) Proteinuria and reduced glomerular filtration rate as risk factors for acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 20(3):211–217, pmid:21455065.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  22. ↵
    1. Hsu CY,
    2. Ordoñez JD,
    3. Chertow GM,
    4. Fan D,
    5. McCulloch CE,
    6. Go AS
    (7, 2008) The risk of acute renal failure in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 74(1):101–107, pmid:18385668, Epub 2008 Apr 2.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  23. ↵
    1. Grams ME,
    2. Astor BC,
    3. Bash LD,
    4. Matsushita K,
    5. Wang Y,
    6. Coresh J
    (10, 2010) Albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate independently associate with acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 21(10):1757–1764, pmid:20671214, Epub 2010 Jul 29.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  24. ↵
    1. Fried LF,
    2. Emanuele N,
    3. Zhang JH,
    4. et al.
    (11 14, 2013) VA NEPHRON-D Investigators. Combined angiotensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 369(20):1892–1903, pmid:24206457, Epub 2013 Nov 9.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  25. ↵
    1. Investigators ACT
    (9 13, 2011) Acetylcysteine for prevention of renal outcomes in patients undergoing coronary and peripheral vascular angiography: main results from the randomized Acetylcysteine for Contrast-induced nephropathy Trial (ACT). Circulation 124(11):1250–1259, pmid:21859972, Epub 2011 Aug 22.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  26. ↵
    1. Briguori C,
    2. Visconti G,
    3. Focaccio A,
    4. et al.
    (9 13, 2011) REMEDIAL II Investigators. Renal Insufficiency After Contrast Media Administration Trial II (REMEDIAL II): RenalGuard System in high-risk patients for contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Circulation 124(11):1260–1269, pmid:21844075, Epub 2011 Aug 15.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  27. ↵
    1. Marenzi G,
    2. Ferrari C,
    3. Marana I,
    4. et al.
    (1, 2012) Prevention of contrast nephropathy by furosemide with matched hydration: the MYTHOS (Induced Diuresis With Matched Hydration Compared to Standard Hydration for Contrast Induced Nephropathy Prevention) trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 5(1):90–97, pmid:22230154.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  28. ↵
    1. Patti G,
    2. Nusca A,
    3. Chello M,
    4. et al.
    (2 1, 2008) Usefulness of statin pretreatment to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy and to improve long-term outcome in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 101(3):279–285, pmid:18237585, Epub 2007 Dec 21.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  29. ↵
    1. Patti G,
    2. Ricottini E,
    3. Nusca A,
    4. et al.
    (7 1, 2011) Short-term, high-dose Atorvastatin pretreatment to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (from the ARMYDA-CIN [atorvastatin for reduction of myocardial damage during angioplasty—contrast-induced nephropathy] trial). Am J Cardiol 108(1):1–7, pmid:21529740, Epub 2011 Apr 27.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  30. ↵
    1. Toso A,
    2. Maioli M,
    3. Leoncini M,
    4. et al.
    (2 1, 2010) Usefulness of atorvastatin (80 mg) in prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic renal disease. Am J Cardiol 105(3):288–292, pmid:20102936, Epub 2009 Dec 21.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  31. ↵
    1. Salvador DR,
    2. Rey NR,
    3. Ramos GC,
    4. Punzalan FE
    (2004) (2005) Continuous infusion versus bolus injection of loop diuretics in congestive heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1), (3):CD003178, CD003178, pmid:14974008, Update in.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  32. ↵
    1. Felker GM,
    2. Lee KL,
    3. Bull DA,
    4. et al.
    (3 3, 2011) NHLBI Heart Failure Clinical Research Network. Diuretic strategies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med 364(9):797–805, pmid:21366472.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  33. ↵
    1. Gheorghiade M,
    2. Konstam MA,
    3. Burnett JC Jr.,
    4. et al.
    (3 28, 2007) Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study With Tolvaptan (EVEREST) Investigators. Short-term clinical effects of tolvaptan, an oral vasopressin antagonist, in patients hospitalized for heart failure: the EVEREST Clinical Status Trials. JAMA 297(12):1332–1343, pmid:17384438, Epub 2007 Mar 25.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  34. ↵
    1. Konstam MA,
    2. Gheorghiade M,
    3. Burnett JC Jr.,
    4. et al.
    (3 28, 2007) Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study With Tolvaptan (EVEREST) Investigators. Effects of oral tolvaptan in patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure: the EVEREST Outcome Trial. JAMA 297(12):1319–1331, pmid:17384437, Epub 2007 Mar 25.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  35. ↵
    1. Costanzo MR,
    2. Guglin ME,
    3. Saltzberg MT,
    4. et al.
    (2 13, 2007) UNLOAD Trial Investigators. Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 49(6):675–683, pmid:17291932, Epub 2007 Jan 26. Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Mar 13;49(10):1136.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  36. ↵
    1. Bart BA,
    2. Goldsmith SR,
    3. Lee KL,
    4. et al.
    (12 13, 2012) Heart Failure Clinical Research Network. Ultrafiltration in decompensated heart failure with cardiorenal syndrome. N Engl J Med 367(24):2296–2304, pmid:23131078, Epub 2012 Nov 6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  37. ↵
    1. Belcher JM,
    2. Garcia-Tsao G,
    3. Sanyal AJ,
    4. et al.
    (2, 2013) TRIBE-AKI Consortium. Association of AKI with mortality and complications in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 57(2):753–762, pmid:22454364, Epub 2012 Dec 6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  38. ↵
    1. Tsien CD,
    2. Rabie R,
    3. Wong F
    (1, 2013) Acute kidney injury in decompensated cirrhosis. Gut 62(1):131–137, pmid:22637695, Epub 2012 May 25.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  39. ↵
    1. de Carvalho JR,
    2. Villela-Nogueira CA,
    3. Luiz RR,
    4. et al.
    (3, 2012) Acute kidney injury network criteria as a predictor of hospital mortality in cirrhotic patients with ascites. J Clin Gastroenterol 46(3):e21–e26, pmid:21934526.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  40. ↵
    1. Gluud LL,
    2. Christensen K,
    3. Christensen E,
    4. Krag A
    (2012) Terlipressin for hepatorenal syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9(CD005162), Sep 12.
  41. ↵
    1. Angeli P,
    2. Volpin R,
    3. Gerunda G,
    4. et al.
    (6, 1999) Reversal of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome with the administration of midodrine and octreotide. Hepatology 29(6):1690–1697, pmid:10347109.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  42. ↵
    1. Maitland K,
    2. Kiguli S,
    3. Opoka RO,
    4. et al.
    (6 30, 2011) FEAST Trial Group. Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with severe infection. N Engl J Med 364(26):2483–2495, pmid:21615299, Epub 2011 May 26.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  43. ↵
    1. Boyd JH,
    2. Forbes J,
    3. Nakada TA,
    4. Walley KR,
    5. Russell JA
    (2, 2011) Fluid resuscitation in septic shock: a positive fluid balance and elevated central venous pressure are associated with increased mortality. Crit Care Med 39(2):259–265, pmid:20975548.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  44. ↵
    1. RENAL Replacement Therapy Study Investigators,
    2. Bellomo R,
    3. Cass A,
    4. Cole L,
    5. et al.
    (6, 2012) An observational study fluid balance and patient outcomes in the Randomized Evaluation of Normal vs. Augmented Level of Replacement Therapy trial. Crit Care Med 40(6):1753–1760, pmid:22610181.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Vaara ST,
    2. Korhonen AM,
    3. Kaukonen KM,
    4. et al.,
    5. The FINNAKI study group
    (2012) Fluid overload is associated with an increased risk for 90-day mortality in critically ill patients with renal replacement therapy: data from the prospective FINNAKI study. Crit Care 16(5):R197, pmid:23075459, Oct 17, [Epub ahead of print].
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  46. ↵
    1. Heung M,
    2. Wolfgram DF,
    3. Kommareddi M,
    4. Hu Y,
    5. Song PX,
    6. Ojo AO
    (3, 2012) Fluid overload at initiation of renal replacement therapy is associated with lack of renal recovery in patients with acute kidney injury. Nephrol Dial Transplant 27(3):956–961, pmid:21856761, Epub 2011 Aug 19.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  47. ↵
    1. Prowle JR,
    2. Kirwan CJ,
    3. Bellomo R
    (1, 2014) Fluid management for the prevention and attenuation of acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol 10(1):37–47, pmid:24217464, Epub 2013 Nov 12.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  48. ↵
    1. Perner A,
    2. Haase N,
    3. Guttormsen AB,
    4. et al.,
    5. 6S Trial Group
    (7 12, 2012) Scandinavian Critical Care Trials Group. Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus Ringer's acetate in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 367(2):124–134, pmid:22738085, Epub 2012 Jun 27. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2012 Aug 2;367(5):481.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  49. ↵
    1. Myburgh JA,
    2. Finfer S,
    3. Bellomo R,
    4. et al.
    (11 15, 2012) CHEST Investigators; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group. Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care. N Engl J Med 367(20):1901–1911, pmid:23075127, Epub 2012 Oct 17.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  50. ↵
    1. Yunos NM,
    2. Bellomo R,
    3. Story D,
    4. Kellum J
    (2010) Bench-to-bedside review: Chloride in critical illness. Crit Care 14(4):226, pmid:20663180, Epub 2010 Jul 8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  51. ↵
    1. Yunos NM,
    2. Bellomo R,
    3. Hegarty C,
    4. Story D,
    5. Ho L,
    6. Bailey M
    (10 17, 2012) Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA 308(15):1566–1572, pmid:23073953.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  52. ↵
    1. Chawla LS,
    2. Kimmel PL
    (9, 2012) Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease: an integrated clinical syndrome. Kidney Int 82(5):516–524, pmid:22673882, Epub 2012 Jun 6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  53. ↵
    1. Hsu CY
    (6, 2012) Yes, AKI truly leads to CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 23(6):967–969, pmid:22499588, Epub 2012 Apr 12.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  54. ↵
    1. Coca SG,
    2. Singanamala S,
    3. Parikh CR
    (3, 2012) Chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int 81(5):442–448, pmid:22113526, Epub 2011 Nov 23.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  55. ↵
    1. Thakar CV,
    2. Christianson A,
    3. Himmelfarb J,
    4. Leonard AC
    (11, 2011) Acute kidney injury episodes and chronic kidney disease risk in diabetes mellitus. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6(11):2567–2572, pmid:21903988, Epub 2011 Sep 8.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  56. ↵
    1. Bucaloiu ID,
    2. Kirchner HL,
    3. Norfolk ER,
    4. Hartle JE 2nd.,
    5. Perkins RM
    (3, 2012) Increased risk of death and de novo chronic kidney disease following reversible acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 81(5):477–485, pmid:22157656, Epub 2011 Dec 7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  57. ↵
    (2012) US Renal Data System: URRDS 2012 Annual Data Report: Atlas of Chronic Disease and Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease (USRDS, Bethesda, MD).
  58. ↵
    1. Rifkin DE,
    2. Coca SG,
    3. Kalantar-Zadeh K
    (6, 2012) Does AKI truly lead to CKD? J Am Soc Nephrol 23(6):979–984, pmid:22460531, Epub 2012 Mar 29.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  59. ↵
    1. Kohan DE
    (10, 1993) Endothelins in the kidney: physiology and pathophysiology. Am J Kidney Dis 22(4):493–510, pmid:8213787.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  60. ↵
    1. Schwartz D,
    2. Blantz RC
    (5, 1999) Nitric oxide, sepsis, and the kidney. Semin Nephrol 19(3):272–276, pmid:10226333.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  61. ↵
    1. Kelly KJ,
    2. Williams WW Jr.,
    3. Colvin RB,
    4. et al.
    (2 15, 1996) Intercellular adhesion molecule-1-deficient mice are protected against ischemic renal injury. J Clin Invest 97(4):1056–1063, pmid:8613529.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  62. ↵
    1. Leemans JC,
    2. Stokman G,
    3. Claessen N,
    4. et al.
    (10, 2005) Renal-associated TLR2 mediates ischemia/reperfusion injury in the kidney. J Clin Invest 115(10):2894–2903, pmid:16167081.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  63. ↵
    1. Letavernier E,
    2. Perez J,
    3. Joye E,
    4. et al.
    (8, 2005) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta exerts a strong protection from ischemic acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 16(8):2395–2402, pmid:15944338, Epub 2005 Jun 8.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  64. ↵
    1. Thurman JM,
    2. Lucia MS,
    3. Ljubanovic D,
    4. Holers VM
    (2, 2005) Acute tubular necrosis is characterized by activation of the alternative pathway of complement. Kidney Int 67(2):524–530, pmid:15673300.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  65. ↵
    1. Bonventre JV,
    2. Zuk A
    (8, 2004) Ischemic acute renal failure: an inflammatory disease? Kidney Int 66(2):480–485, pmid:15253693.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Li L,
    2. Huang L,
    3. Vergis AL,
    4. et al.
    (1, 2010) IL-17 produced by neutrophils regulates IFN-gamma-mediated neutrophil migration in mouse kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Clin Invest 120(1):331–342, pmid:20038794, Epub 2009 Dec 14.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  67. ↵
    1. Menke J,
    2. Iwata Y,
    3. Rabacal WA,
    4. et al.
    (8, 2009) CSF-1 signals directly to renal tubular epithelial cells to mediate repair in mice. J Clin Invest 119(8):2330–2342, pmid:19587445, Epub 2009 Jul 1.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  68. ↵
    1. Biancone L,
    2. Camussi G
    (2, 2014) Stem cells in 2013: Potential use of stem or progenitor cells for kidney regeneration. Nat Rev Nephrol 10(2):67–68, pmid:24296627, Epub 2013 Dec 3.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  69. ↵
    1. Karvellas CJ,
    2. Farhat MR,
    3. Sajjad I,
    4. et al.
    (2011) A comparison of early versus late initiation of renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 15(1):R72, pmid:21352532, Epub 2011 Feb 25.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  70. ↵
    1. Schneider AG,
    2. Bellomo R,
    3. Bagshaw SM,
    4. et al.
    (6, 2013) Choice of renal replacement therapy modality and dialysis dependence after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 39(6):987–997, pmid:23443311, Epub 2013 Feb 27.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  71. ↵
    1. VA/NIH Acute Renal Failure Trial Network,
    2. Palevsky PM,
    3. JH Zhang,
    4. O'Connor TZ,
    5. et al.
    (7 3, 2008) Intensity of renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med 359(1):7–20, pmid:18492867, Epub 2008 May 20. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2009 Dec 10;361(24):2391.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  72. ↵
    1. Jun M,
    2. Heerspink HJ,
    3. Ninomiya T,
    4. et al.
    (6, 2010) Intensities of renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5(6):956–963, pmid:20395356, Epub 2010 Apr 15.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  73. ↵
    1. Van Wert R,
    2. Friedrich JO,
    3. Scales DC,
    4. Wald R,
    5. Adhikari NK
    (5, 2010) University of Toronto Acute Kidney Injury Research Group. High-dose renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 38(5):1360–1369, pmid:20308884.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Email Article
Citation Tools

Jump to section

Keywords