Review ArticleReviews and Contemporary Updates

Older Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Treatment Challenges and Future Directions

Laura Finn, Andrew Dalovisio and James Foran
Ochsner Journal December 2017, 17 (4) 398-404;

REFERENCES

  1. 1.↵
    SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2014. National Cancer Institute: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2014/. Updated June 28, 2017. Accessed July 18, 2017.
  2. 2.↵
    1. Majhail NS,
    2. Brazauskas R,
    3. Hassebroek A,
    4. et al.
    Outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for adolescent and young adults compared with children and older adults with acute myeloid leukemia. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2012 6; 18 6: 861- 873. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2011.10.031. pmid:22040843
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  3. 3.↵
    1. Siegel RL,
    2. Miller KD,
    3. Jemal A
    Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016 Jan-Feb; 66 1: 7- 30. doi: 10.3322/caac.21332. pmid:26742998
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  4. 4.↵
    1. Fröhling S,
    2. Schlenk RF,
    3. Kayser S,
    4. et al.
    Cytogenetics and age are major determinants of outcome in intensively treated acute myeloid leukemia patients older than 60 years: results from AMLSG trial AML HD98-B. Blood. 2006 11 15; 108 10: 3280- 3288. pmid:16840728
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  5. 5.↵
    Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/index.html. Accessed July 18, 2017.
  6. 6.↵
    1. Ertz-Archambault N,
    2. Kosiorek H,
    3. Taylor GE,
    4. et al.
    Association of therapy for autoimmune disease with myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. JAMA Oncol. 2017 7 1; 3 7: 936- 943. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.6435. pmid:28152123
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  7. 7.↵
    1. Kayser S,
    2. Döhner K,
    3. Krauter J,
    4. et al.
    The impact of therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (AML) on outcome in 2853 adult patients with newly diagnosed AML. Blood. 2011 2 17; 117 7: 2137- 2145. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-08-301713. pmid:21127174
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  8. 8.↵
    1. Finn L,
    2. Sproat L,
    3. Heckman MG,
    4. et al.
    Epidemiology of adult acute myeloid leukemia: impact of exposures on clinical phenotypes and outcomes after therapy. Cancer Epidemiol. 2015 12; 39 6: 1084- 1092. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2015.09.003. pmid:26365691
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  9. 9.↵
    1. Foran J,
    2. Heckman M,
    3. Sproat L
    et al. Distinct epidemiologic exposures and prognostic factors for survival in older adults age >70 years receiving low intensity therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). European Hematology Association Abstract Book. 2015: 99803 https://learningcenter.ehaweb.org/eha/2015/20th/99803. Accessed September 14, 2017.
  10. 10.↵
    1. Mosna F,
    2. Papayannidis C,
    3. Martinelli G,
    4. et al.
    Complex karyotype, older age, and reduced first-line dose intensity determine poor survival in core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia patients with long-term follow-up. Am J Hematol. 2015 6; 90 6: 515- 523. doi: 10.1002/ajh.24000. pmid:25753065
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  11. 11.↵
    1. Juliusson G,
    2. Lazarevic V,
    3. Hörstedt AS,
    4. Hagberg O,
    5. Höglund M;
    Swedish Acute Leukemia Registry Group. Acute myeloid leukemia in the real world: why population-based registries are needed. Blood. 2012 4 26; 119 17: 3890- 3899. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-12-379008. pmid:22383796
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  12. 12.↵
    1. Appelbaum FR,
    2. Gundacker H,
    3. Head DR,
    4. et al.
    Age and acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2006 5 1; 107 9: 3481- 3485. pmid:16455952
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  13. 13.↵
    1. O'Donnell MR,
    2. Tallman MS,
    3. Abboud CN,
    4. et al.
    Acute myeloid leukemia, version 3.2017, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2017 7; 15 7: 926- 957. doi: 10.6004/jnccn.2017.0116. pmid:28687581
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  14. 14.↵
    1. Juliusson G,
    2. Antunovic P,
    3. Derolf A,
    4. et al.
    Age and acute myeloid leukemia: real world data on decision to treat and outcomes from the Swedish Acute Leukemia Registry. Blood. 2009 4 30; 113 18: 4179- 4187. doi: 10.1182/blood-2008-07-172007. pmid:19008455
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  15. 15.↵
    1. Brunner AM,
    2. Blonquist TM,
    3. Sadrzadeh H,
    4. et al.
    Population-based disparities in survival among patients with core-binding factor acute myeloid leukemia: a SEER database analysis. Leuk Res. 2014 7; 38 7: 773- 780. doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.04.001. pmid:24793731
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  16. 16.↵
    1. Michelis FV,
    2. Gupta V,
    3. Zhang MJ,
    4. et al.
    Acute Leukemia Working Committee of the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, a research collaboration between the National Marrow Donor Program/Be the Match Registry and the Medical College of Wisconsin. Cytogenetic risk determines outcomes after allogeneic transplantation in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia in their second complete remission: a Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research cohort analysis. Cancer. 2017 6 1; 123 11: 2035- 2042. doi: 10.1002/cncr.30567. pmid:28117898
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  17. 17.↵
    1. Reiffers J,
    2. Huguet F,
    3. Stoppa AM,
    4. et al.
    A prospective randomized trial of idarubicin vs daunorubicin in combination chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia of the age group 55 to 75. Leukemia. 1996 3; 10 3: 389- 395. pmid:8642852
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  18. 18.
    1. Mandelli F,
    2. Petti MC,
    3. Ardia A,
    4. et al.
    A randomised clinical trial comparing idarubicin and cytarabine to daunorubicin and cytarabine in the treatment of acute non-lymphoid leukaemia. A multicentric study from the Italian Co-operative Group GIMEMA. Eur J Cancer. 1991; 27 6: 750- 755. pmid:1829918
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  19. 19.↵
    1. Wang J,
    2. Yang YG,
    3. Zhou M,
    4. et al.
    Meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials comparing edarubicin + cytarabine with daunorubicin + cytarabine as the induction chemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia. PLoS One. 2013 4 5; 8 4: e60699 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060699. pmid:23593285
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  20. 20.↵
    1. Foran JM,
    2. Sun Z,
    3. Claxton DF,
    4. et al.
    Importance of achieving complete remission (CR) after intensive therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in older adults age ≥60 years: analysis of risk factors for early mortality and re-induction, and impact of quality of response on overall survival (OS) in the ECOG-ACRIN E2906 randomized trial. Blood. 2016 12 2; 128 22: 339- 339.
    OpenUrl
  21. 21.
    1. Shook D,
    2. Coustan-Smith E,
    3. Ribeiro RC,
    4. Rubnitz JE,
    5. Campana D
    Mininal residual disease quantitation in acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 2009; 9 Suppl 3: S281- S285. doi: 10.3816/CLM.2009.s.024. pmid:19778853
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  22. 22.↵
    1. Buccisano F,
    2. Maurillo L,
    3. Gattei V,
    4. et al.
    The kinetics of reduction of minimal residual disease impacts on duration of response and survival of patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2006 10; 20 10: 1783- 1789. pmid:16838027
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  23. 23.↵
    Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research. Study Slides – HCT Trends and Survival Data. https://www.cibmtr.org/ReferenceCenter/SlidesReports/SummarySlides/Pages/index.aspx. Accessed July 18, 2017.
  24. 24.↵
    1. Hahn T,
    2. McCarthy PL Jr,.,
    3. Hassebroek A,
    4. et al.
    Significant improvement in survival after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation during a period of significantly increased use, older recipient age, and use of unrelated donors. J Clin Oncol. 2013 7 1; 31 19: 2437- 2449. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.46.6193. pmid:23715573
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  25. 25.
    1. Mawad R,
    2. Gooley TA,
    3. Sandhu V,
    4. et al.
    Frequency of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation among patients with high- or intermediate-risk acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission. J Clin Oncol. 2013 11 1; 31 31: 3883- 3888. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2013.50.2567. pmid:24062388
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  26. 26.↵
    1. Weisdorf D,
    2. Eapen M,
    3. Ruggeri A,
    4. et al.
    Alternative donor transplantation for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission: a center for international blood and marrow transplant research-eurocord analysis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2014 6; 20 6: 816- 822. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.02.020. pmid:24582782
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  27. 27.↵
    1. McClune BL,
    2. Weisdorf DJ,
    3. Pedersen TL,
    4. et al.
    Effect of age on outcome of reduced-intensity hematopoietic cell transplantation for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission or with myelodysplastic syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2010 4 10; 28 11: 1878- 1887. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.25.4821. pmid:20212255
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  28. 28.↵
    1. Kurosawa S,
    2. Yamaguchi T,
    3. Uchida N,
    4. et al.
    Comparison of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation and chemotherapy in elderly patients with non-M3 acute myelogenous leukemia in first complete remission. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2011 3; 17 3: 401- 411. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.07.013. pmid:20667478
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  29. 29.↵
    1. Mohty M,
    2. de Lavallade H,
    3. Ladaique P,
    4. et al.
    The role of reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: a donor vs no donor comparison. Leukemia. 2005 6; 19 6: 916- 920. pmid:15843817
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  30. 30.↵
    1. Farag SS,
    2. Maharry K,
    3. Zhang MJ,
    4. et al.
    Acute Leukemia Committee of the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research and Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Comparison of reduced-intensity hematopoietic cell transplantation with chemotherapy in patients age 60-70 years with acute myelogenous leukemia in first remission. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2011 12; 17 12: 1796- 1803. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2011.06.005. pmid:21699879
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  31. 31.↵
    1. Weisdorf DJ,
    2. Millard HR,
    3. Horowitz MM,
    4. et al.
    Allogeneic transplantation for advanced acute myeloid leukemia: the value of complete remission. Cancer. 2017 6 1; 123 11: 2025- 2034. doi: 10.1002/cncr.30536. pmid:28117884
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  32. 32.↵
    1. Gyurkocza B,
    2. Lazarus HM,
    3. Giralt S
    Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in patients with AML not achieving remission: potentially curative therapy. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2017 2 27 doi: 10.1038/bmt.2017.8. [Epub ahead of print].
  33. 33.↵
    1. Sorror ML,
    2. Maris MB,
    3. Storb R,
    4. et al.
    Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT)-specific comorbidity index: a new tool for risk assessment before allogeneic HCT. Blood. 2005 10 15; 106 8: 2912- 2919. pmid:15994282
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  34. 34.↵
    1. Sorror ML,
    2. Logan BR,
    3. Zhu X,
    4. et al.
    Prospective validation of the predictive power of the hematopoietic cell transplantation comorbidity index: a Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research Study. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2015 8; 21 8: 1479- 1487. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.04.004. pmid:25862591
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  35. 35.↵
    1. Giles FJ,
    2. Borthakur G,
    3. Ravandi F,
    4. et al.
    The haematopoietic cell transplantation comorbidity index score is predictive of early death and survival in patients over 60 years of age receiving induction therapy for acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2007 2; 136 4: 624- 627. pmid:17223919
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  36. 36.↵
    1. Michelis FV,
    2. Messner HA,
    3. Alam N,
    4. et al.
    Analysis of impact of comorbidities constituting the HCT-CI score on the outcome of patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant for acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2015; 126 23: 3201.
    OpenUrl
  37. 37.↵
    1. Sorror ML,
    2. Storer BE,
    3. Elsawy M,
    4. et al.
    Impact of comorbidities at diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia on one-year mortality. Blood. 2015; 126 23: 532.
    OpenUrl
  38. 38.↵
    1. Fried LP,
    2. Tangen CM,
    3. Walston J,
    4. et al.
    Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001 3; 56 3: M146- M156. pmid:11253156
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  39. 39.↵
    1. Bandeen-Roche K,
    2. Seplaki CL,
    3. Huang J,
    4. et al.
    Frailty in older adults: a nationally representative profile in the United States. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015 11; 70 11: 1427- 1434. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glv133. pmid:26297656
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  40. 40.↵
    1. Muffly LS,
    2. Kocherginsky M,
    3. Stock W,
    4. et al.
    Geriatric assessment to predict survival in older allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients. Haematologica. 2014 8; 99 8: 1373- 1379. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2014.103655. pmid:24816237
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  41. 41.↵
    1. Wedding U,
    2. Röhrig B,
    3. Klippstein A,
    4. Fricke HJ,
    5. Sayer HG,
    6. Höffken K
    Impairment in functional status and survival in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2006 10; 132 10: 665- 671. pmid:16821071
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  42. 42.↵
    1. Cashen AF,
    2. Schiller GJ,
    3. O'Donnell MR,
    4. DiPersio JF
    Multicenter, phase II study of decitabine for the first-line treatment of older patients with acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010 2 1; 28 4: 556- 561. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.23.9178. pmid:20026803
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  43. 43.
    1. Fenaux P,
    2. Mufti GJ,
    3. Hellström-Lindberg E,
    4. et al.
    Azacitidine prolongs overall survival compared with conventional care regimens in elderly patients with low bone marrow blast count acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010 2 1; 28 4: 562- 569. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.23.8329. pmid:20026804
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  44. 44.↵
    1. Kantarjian HM,
    2. Thomas XG,
    3. Dmoszynska A,
    4. et al.
    Multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase III trial of decitabine versus patient choice, with physician advice, of either supportive care or low-dose cytarabine for the treatment of older patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2012 7 20; 30 21: 2670- 2677. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.38.9429. pmid:22689805
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  45. 45.↵
    1. Dombret H,
    2. Seymour JF,
    3. Butrym A,
    4. et al.
    International phase 3 study of azacitidine vs conventional care regimens in older patients with newly diagnosed AML with >30% blasts. Blood. 2015 7 16; 126 3: 291- 299. doi: 10.1182/blood-2015-01-621664. pmid:25987659
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  46. 46.↵
    1. LeBlanc TW,
    2. El-Jawahri A
    When and why should patients with hematologic malignancies see a palliative care specialist? Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2015; 2015: 471- 478. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2015.1.471. pmid:26637760
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  47. 47.↵
    1. El-Jawahri AR,
    2. Abel GA,
    3. Steensma DP,
    4. et al.
    Health care utilization and end-of-life care for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer. 2015 8 15; 121 16: 2840- 2848. doi: 10.1002/cncr.29430. pmid:25926135
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  48. 48.↵
    1. Loggers ET,
    2. LeBlanc TW,
    3. El-Jawahri A,
    4. et al.
    Pretransplantation supportive and palliative care consultation for high-risk hematopoietic cell transplantation patients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2016 7; 22 7: 1299- 1305. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2016.03.006. pmid:26976242
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  49. 49.
    1. Zimmermann C,
    2. Swami N,
    3. Krzyzanowska M,
    4. et al.
    Early palliative care for patients with advanced cancer: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014 5 17; 383 9930: 1721- 1730. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62416-2. pmid:24559581
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  50. 50.
    1. Temel JS,
    2. Greer JA,
    3. Muzikansky A,
    4. et al.
    Early palliative care for patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010 8 19; 363 8: 733- 742. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1000678. pmid:20818875
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  51. 51.
    1. Bakitas M,
    2. Lyons KD,
    3. Hegel MT,
    4. et al.
    Effects of a palliative care intervention on clinical outcomes in patients with advanced cancer: the Project ENABLE II randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009 8 19; 302 7: 741- 749. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.1198. pmid:19690306
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  52. 52.↵
    1. Finn L,
    2. Roche-Green A,
    3. Shannon R,
    4. et al.
    Early and systematic involvement of palliative medicine team during bone marrow transplant improved patient ccare, QOL, and patient and caregiver satisfaction. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2016; 22 3: S289.
    OpenUrl
  53. 53.↵
    1. Dinmohamed AG,
    2. Visser O,
    3. van Norden Y,
    4. et al.
    Treatment, trial participation and survival in adult acute myeloid leukemia: a population-based study in the Netherlands, 1989-2012. Leukemia. 2016 1; 30 1: 24- 31. doi: 10.1038/leu.2015.188. pmid:26183645
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  54. 54.↵
    1. Feldman EJ,
    2. Lancet JE,
    3. Kolitz JE,
    4. et al.
    First-in-man study of CPX-351: a liposomal carrier containing cytarabine and daunorubicin in a fixed 5:1 molar ratio for the treatment of relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2011 3 10; 29 8: 979- 985. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2010.30.5961. pmid:21282541
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  55. 55.↵
    1. Lancet JE,
    2. Cortes JE,
    3. Hogge DE,
    4. et al.
    Phase 2 trial of CPX-351, a fixed 5:1 molar ratio of cytarabine/daunorubicin, vs cytarabine/daunorubicin in older adults with untreated AML. Blood. 2014 5 22; 123 21: 3239- 3246. doi: 10.1182/blood-2013-12-540971. pmid:24687088
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  56. 56.↵
    1. Lancet JE,
    2. Hoering A,
    3. Uy GL,
    4. et al.
    Survival following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in older high-risk acute myeloid leukemia patients initially treated with CPX-351 liposome injection versus standard cytarabine and daunorubicin: subgroup analysis of a large phase III trial. Blood. 2016; 128 22: 906.
    OpenUrl
  57. 57.↵
    1. Sallman DA,
    2. Lancet JE
    What are the most promising new agents in acute myeloid leukemia? Curr Opin Hematol. 2017 3; 24 2: 99- 107. doi: 10.1097/MOH.0000000000000319. pmid:28030373
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  58. 58.↵
    US Food and Drug Administration. Midostaurin. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/informationondrugs/approveddrugs/ucm555756.htm. Updated April 28, 2017. Accessed July 18, 2017.
  59. 59.↵
    1. Stone RM,
    2. Mandrekar SJ,
    3. Sanford BL,
    4. et al.
    Midostaurin plus chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia with a FLT3 mutation. N Engl J Med. 2017 6 23 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1614359. [Epub ahead of print].
  60. 60.↵
    An efficacy and safety study of AG-221 (CC-90007) versus conventional care regimens in older subjects with late stage acute myeloid leukemia harboring an isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 mutation (IDHENTIFY). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02577406. Updated May 31, 2017. Accessed July 18, 2017.
  61. 61.↵
    1. Bixby DL,
    2. Stein AS,
    3. Fathi AT,
    4. et al.
    Vadastuximab talirine monotherapy in older patients with treatment naive CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blood. 2016; 128 22: 590.
    OpenUrl
  62. 62.
    1. Fathi AT,
    2. Erba HP,
    3. Lancet JE,
    4. et al.
    Vadastuximab talirine plus hypomethylating agents: a well-tolerated regimen with high remission rate in frontline older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blood. 2016; 128 22: 591.
    OpenUrl
  63. 63.↵
    1. Jurcic JG,
    2. Levy MY,
    3. Park JH,
    4. et al.
    Phase I trial of targeted alpha-particle therapy with actinium-225 (225Ac)-lintuzumab and low-dose cytarabine (LDAC) in patients age 60 or older with untreated acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blood. 2016; 128 22: 4050.
    OpenUrl
  64. 64.↵
    1. Foran JM,
    2. Sun Z,
    3. Claxton DF,
    4. et al.
    North American leukemia, intergroup phase III randomized trial of single agent clofarabine as induction and post-remission therapy, and decitabine as maintenance therapy in newly-diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia in older adults (age ≥60 years): a trial of the ECOG-ACRIN cancer research group (E2906). Blood. 2015; 126 23: 217.
    OpenUrl
  65. 65.↵
    1. Welch JS,
    2. Petti AA,
    3. Miller CA,
    4. et al.
    TP53 and decitabine in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2016 11 24; 375 21: 2023- 2036. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1605949. pmid:27959731
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  66. 66.↵
    1. Kropf EJ P YK,
    2. O'Connell C,
    3. et al.
    Late responses and overall survival (OS) from long term follow up of a randomized phase 2 study of SGI-110 (guadecitabine) 5-day regimen in elderly AML who are not eligible for intensive chemotherapy. Haematologica. 2015; 100 S1: 218(P571).
    OpenUrl
  67. 67.
    1. Döhner H,
    2. Lübbert M,
    3. Fiedler W,
    4. et al.
    Randomized, phase 2 trial of low-dose cytarabine with or without volasertib in AML patients not suitable for induction therapy. Blood. 2014 8 28; 124 9: 1426- 1433. doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-03-560557. pmid:25006120
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  68. 68.↵
    1. Visani G,
    2. Loscocco F,
    3. Fuligni F,
    4. et al.
    Tosedostat plus low dose cytarabine induces a high rate of responses that can be predicted by genetic profiling in elderly AML. Blood. 2015; 126 23: 329.
    OpenUrl
  69. 69.↵
    1. Konopleva M,
    2. Pollyea DA,
    3. Potluri J,
    4. et al.
    Efficacy and biological correlates of response in a phase II study of venetoclax monotherapy in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer Discov. 2016 10; 6 10: 1106- 1117. pmid:27520294
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  70. 70.↵
    1. Rosenblatt J,
    2. Stone RM,
    3. Uhl L,
    4. et al.
    Individualized vaccination of AML patients in remission is associated with induction of antileukemia immunity and prolonged remissions. Sci Transl Med. 2016 12 7; 8 368: 368ra171.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  71. 71.↵
    The Beat AML Master Trial. Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. www.lls.org/beat-aml. Accessed April 14, 2017.
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Email Article
Citation Tools

Jump to section

Keywords