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Characteristic 1% Lidocaine Hydrochloride 2% Lidocaine Hydrochloride 0.25% Bupivacaine Hydrochloride 0.5% Bupivacaine Hydrochloride 0.5% Ropivacaine Hydrochloride Trade name(s) Xylocaine Marcaine, Sensorcaine Naropin Lipid solubility3 25 346 115 Potency1 + +++ ++ pKa1,3 7.8 8.1 8.1 Onset of action, minutes1,3,13,14 Fast (<2) Long (2-10) Moderate (<2-10) Protein binding, %1 70 95 94 Duration of action, minutes3,23 30-120 180-360 140-200 Cardiac toxicity1,3,5,17,18 ++ +++ + Central nervous system toxicity3,5,15,16 + +++ ++ Chondrocyte toxicity2,3,6-8 ++ ++ + Tenocyte toxicity Potential for toxicity that appears to be greater than other local anesthetics9,10,12 Potential for toxicity7,11,12 Potential for toxicity when combined with dexamethasone9 Typical dose, mL3,24-26 3-5 0.5-2 2-4 Maximum dose without epinephrine, mg/kg1,3,5,27 3-5 2 3 Cost + ++ +++ Note: + signifies least and +++ signifies most.
pKa, acid dissociation constant.
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