Review ArticleLITERATURE REVIEWS
Open Access

Trends in Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Utilization in Orthopedic Sports Medicine: A Scoping Review

Nicholas A. Ott, Colby L. Barber and Steve E. Jordan
Ochsner Journal December 2023, 23 (4) 304-314; DOI: https://doi.org/10.31486/toj.23.0054

Abstract

Background: The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) developed by the National Institutes of Health provides a standardized method for collecting outcomes data from sports medicine patient populations.

Methods: The objective of this scoping review is to report on PROMIS utilization in orthopedic sports medicine research and practice. We searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library using keywords and database-specific subject headings to identify studies that reported PROMIS utilization. Inclusion criteria were the use or mention of PROMIS in any population of patients commonly treated by orthopedic sports medicine physicians.

Results: Following a screening process, we included 67 studies published from 2019 through 2022 in this review. A near-equal distribution of studies was published per year during this period. Twenty-four domains were assessed across the studies. Among studies with adult populations, the Pain Interference (45 studies, 67%) and Physical Function (37 studies, 55%) domains were the 2 most reported by researchers. Upper Extremity (4 studies, 6%) and Mobility (3 studies, 4%) were the 2 most used domains in studies involving pediatric populations.

Conclusion: Our results demonstrate consistent utilization of PROMIS domains in the field of sports medicine. Researchers commonly used PROMIS with other legacy measures, comparing the scores to one another to assess responsiveness and validity. This review provides evidence that PROMIS domains are being used to collect data on a variety of factors related to sports medicine patient outcomes that may help physicians better understand the complexities of the recovery and rehabilitation process.

Keywords:

INTRODUCTION

In the field of orthopedics, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are commonly used because of the transition from volume-based to value-based health care and the increased focus on outcomes rather than costs.1 Historically, numerous legacy PROMs have been used to collect information from specific subsets of orthopedic patients. The International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Evaluation Form, Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, and Tegner Activity Scale are 3 of the most common forms used to evaluate patient-reported outcomes in patients who undergo anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery.2 One limitation of these legacy PROMs is that many forms are often used to track outcomes. In a review of 119 ACL reconstruction studies published in high impact factor orthopedic journals, Makhni et al reported that 16 different PROMs were used to assess outcomes.2 This variability creates challenges when comparing measures from different populations and attempting to draw evidence-based conclusions.

The National Institutes of Health developed the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) to provide a standardized method of recording PROMs across common medical conditions.3 Domains within the system include questions related to physical function, fatigue, and emotional distress, among others, and can be adapted for a variety of health conditions or focuses.3-5 PROMIS can be administered as individual short forms or via computerized adaptive testing (CAT). CAT has demonstrated improved measurement precision when compared to fixed-format administration.3,6-8 The improved precision of CAT theoretically allows for obtaining the same or better-quality data while reducing the survey burden on the patient.9

The efficacy of PROMIS in orthopedics is well studied, and the system has demonstrated responsiveness and feasibility.10-12 In patients with orthopedic injuries or conditions, Physical Function is the most commonly studied domain13 and has been assessed in patient populations with musculoskeletal conditions of the foot and ankle, upper and lower extremities, and spine.13-15

An up-to-date assessment of PROMIS use in orthopedic sports medicine research and practice is warranted.16 The objective of this scoping review is to report on the use of PROMIS in the field of sports medicine.

METHODS

Review Design

We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines when designing the protocol for this scoping review17 and consulted a research librarian who reviewed and approved our search methods and strategy.

Databases and Search Strategy

We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library using keywords and database-specific subject headings to identify studies that reported the use of PROMIS domains in sports medicine patient populations from January 1, 2019, to October 18, 2022 (Appendix). Search results were limited to research articles and case series. Case reports, systematic reviews, editorials, letters to the editor, and studies not written in English were eliminated either before or during the screening process.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Inclusion criteria included the use of PROMIS domains for patients treated by orthopedic sports medicine physicians. Studies involving both pediatric and adult populations were included in our review. Exclusion criteria were nonorthopedic or non-sports medicine–related patient populations or interventions. Studies were included if they used at least 1 PROMIS domain, had an experimental or observational design, and were peer-reviewed.

Study Selection

All titles and abstracts from the database searches were imported into Covidence (Veritas Health Innovation Ltd), an online systematic review management software.18 The article selection process had 2 steps. First, 2 authors (NAO and CLB) independently reviewed the titles and abstracts of the imported articles using the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Articles that either 1 or both authors determined to be applicable were moved to full-text review. In the second step, the same 2 authors determined article eligibility through independent review of the full-text articles. In the event of a conflict, the 2 authors discussed and reached a verdict on whether to include or exclude the article.

Data Analysis

All studies included in the review were evaluated between October 2022 and December 2022 and were organized according to publication year, population, study design, and sample size (Table). We conducted a PROMIS-specific analysis to capture the various domains reported in the studies, as well as the administration methods. Qualitative analysis of the studies included assigning tags to track information related to the location of the intervention (eg, upper extremity, lower extremity, knee) and to themes such as the minimal clinically important difference (MCID), comparison of legacy outcome measures to PROMIS, PROMIS validation and responsiveness, and participant demographics and psychosocial characteristics.

View this table:
Table.

Characteristics of the Studies Included in the Review

RESULTS

The preliminary search yielded 246 publications. Following duplicate removal, we reviewed 235 publications by titles and abstracts. After resolution of conflicts related to article inclusion or exclusion, an agreement rate >80% was calculated between the authors. Following this step, 67 publications were moved to the full-text review stage, and all 67 were determined to be eligible for inclusion in the review10,11,19-83 (Figure 1).

Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) literature flow diagram.17

Study Publication Date and Design

A near-equal distribution of studies was published per year: 2019 (15 studies, 22%), 2020 (17, 25%), 2021 (18, 27%), and 2022 (17, 25%). Study designs included cohort study or prospective observational study (22, 33%), retrospective cohort study (20, 30%), cross-sectional study (13, 19%), case series (10, 15%), and randomized controlled trial (2, 3%).

Patient Population

Included publications reported PROMIS utilization in a variety of orthopedic sports medicine patient populations. PROMIS was more commonly utilized in sports medicine patient populations with conditions affecting the lower extremity (31, 46%) vs the upper extremity (24, 36%). Ten studies (15%) included patients with upper and lower extremity conditions. The studies included analyses of joint-specific populations related to the knee (19, 28%), shoulder (19, 28%), hip (8, 12%), ankle (5, 7%), and elbow (5, 7%).

PROMIS Domains and Administration Methods

Sixteen PROMIS domains were reported in publications involving adult populations: Pain Interference (45, 67%), Physical Function (37, 55%), Upper Extremity (25, 37%), Depression (25, 37%), Mobility (6, 9%), Anxiety (5, 7%), Global Physical Health (5, 7%), Global Mental Health (5, 7%), Pain Intensity (4, 6%), Social Participation (3, 4%), Fatigue (3, 4%), Sleep (2, 3%), Lower Extremity (1, 1%), Social Satisfaction (1, 1%), Physical t-Score (1, 1%), and Mental t-Score (1, 1%) (Figure 2).

Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) adult domains and frequency of reporting in studies included in this review.

Studies involving pediatric populations utilized 8 pediatric-specific domains: Upper Extremity (4, 6%), Mobility (3, 4%), Pain Interference (1, 1%), Depressive Symptoms (1, 1%), Peer Relationships (1, 1%), Social Relationships (1, 1%), Anxiety (1, 1%), and Pain Intensity (1, 1%) (Figure 3).

Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) pediatric domains and frequency of reporting in studies included in this review.

In the 57 studies that identified a PROMIS administration method, CAT was the most common (48/57, 84%), with short forms used less often than CAT (9/57, 16%).

PROMIS domains were used as the only outcomes measure in approximately one-third of the studies (23, 34%).

Legacy Patient-Reported Outcome Measures

Legacy PROMs were commonly reported alongside PROMIS domains (44, 66%). The specific legacy PROM used in each publication was largely dependent on the study population. For example, in publications focused on patients undergoing shoulder surgery, such as total shoulder arthroplasty, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score was commonly reported (10, 15%).

Qualitative Themes

The authors developed and assigned tags to identify a variety of themes in the included publications: comparison of PROMs to PROMIS domains (19, 28%), impact of patient characteristics (eg, workers’ compensation) on PROMIS scores (14, 21%), MCID (12, 18%), role of psychosocial elements (eg, mental health and tobacco use) on PROMIS scores (13, 19%), administration method and time constraints (11, 16%), coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic (1, 1%), and the application of PROMs to other languages (1, 1%).

DISCUSSION

Our review of the literature from 2019 to 2022 identified publications reporting PROMIS use specifically in sports medicine populations and an increase in the volume of annual publications compared to nearly a decade ago.13 This increase is most likely multifactorial, and, as Horn et al noted, likely attributable to advances in administration methods (ie, CAT) and improved integration into electronic health record systems.16 PROMIS utilization in the field of orthopedic sports medicine follows similar patterns of use in the broader field of orthopedics, with PROMIS domains commonly used in parallel with legacy PROMs.16 Although several of the publications included in this review used PROMIS domains as the primary or only outcome measure (34%), most studies reported multiple legacy PROMs in conjunction with PROMIS domains (66%). Horn et al surmised that this phenomenon may be because of “familiarity with traditional measures, participation in registries that do not have PROMIS measures as part of the core set of measures, or a perceived lack of applicability in their patient populations.”16 Studies investigating the floor and ceiling effects of PROMIS domains and studies comparing the responsiveness of PROMIS domains to that of legacy PROMs represent natural steps to further validate PROMIS domains as capable of capturing meaningful outcome measures.37,43,59,72

The breadth of PROMIS domains used in the publications included in this review highlight the fact that PROMIS is capable of excellent generalizability. Bernstein et al investigated the correlation between adult and pediatric PROMIS domains in pediatric sports medicine patients.23 They concluded that the adult PROMIS domains could be used for both adult and pediatric patients in an orthopedic sports medicine clinic because of the high degree of correlation between the different versions of the domains.23 Additionally, researchers have investigated the validity of a Spanish version of certain PROMIS domains, mainly Physical Function.81 While further investigation is needed, these studies demonstrate that PROMIS is successfully being applied to diverse sports medicine patient populations.

Domains such as Sleep allow PROMIS to be tailored to investigate the multifactorial recovery process following orthopedic surgeries. Cheah et al analyzed the association between sleep disturbance and femoroacetabular impingement syndrome.28 Sochacki et al measured orthopedic surgeon burnout through a combination of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, PROMIS domains, and a wearable device.74 Sochacki et al used PROMIS-29 that includes the following domains: Physical Function, Anxiety, Depression, Fatigue, Sleep, Social Participation, Pain Interference, and Pain Intensity.74 PROMIS is capable of capturing outcomes beyond Physical Function to aid researchers in better understanding the complex, multifactorial conditions that affect orthopedic sports medicine surgeons and patients.

Only Lizzio et al discussed the feasibility of PROMIS CAT administration in a sports medicine clinic.10 However, our experience has highlighted the importance of having a streamlined administration and data collection system to capture patient survey responses. To incorporate PROMIS CAT domains into our sports medicine research we have used PatientIQ (PatientIQ) and REDCap (Vanderbilt University). PatientIQ is a third-party subscription-based platform that securely manages patient-reported outcomes data and can administer PROMIS CAT surveys to designated patients. REDCap is a web-based secure data collection instrument that also has the capability of administering PROMIS CAT surveys. The REDCap tool is managed in house by research team members. Both platforms can be used to administer other legacy outcome measures either individually or alongside the PROMIS domains. Future investigation into the most widely used platforms for PROMIS CAT administration may provide valuable insight for orthopedic sports medicine practices interested in collecting PROMIS data for research and clinical outcomes data.

Limitations

Limitations of our scoping review are that we did not conduct an analysis of the quality of the included studies and did not perform a risk assessment of bias.

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrate a consistent utilization of PROMIS domains in sports medicine clinical research and practice. Pain Interference and Physical Function were the 2 most reported PROMIS domains in the included publications. While nearly one-third of the articles we reviewed used PROMIS as the only or primary outcome measure, researchers more commonly used PROMIS in addition to other legacy measures, often comparing the scores to assess responsiveness and validity. The development of third-party platforms such as PatientIQ that streamline administration and data capture procedures offers the potential for increased utility of PROMIS and its ability to provide data on a variety of factors contributing to patient outcomes.

This article meets the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and the American Board of Medical Specialties Maintenance of Certification competencies for Patient Care and Medical Knowledge.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors have no financial or proprietary interest in the subject matter of this article.

Appendix. Search Strategies for Trends in Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Utilization in Orthopedic Sports Medicine: A Scoping Review

SetSearch TermsResults
1("Orthopedic Procedures"[Mesh] OR "Orthopedics"[Mesh] OR orthopedic[tiab] OR orthopaedic[tiab] OR orthopedics[tiab] OR orthopaedics[tiab] OR musculoskeletal[tiab] OR "neck"[MeSH Terms] OR neck[tiab] OR "spine"[MeSH Terms] OR spine[tiab] OR spinal[tiab] OR cervical[tiab] OR "lumbosacral region"[MeSH Terms] OR lumbosacral[tiab] OR lumbar[tiab] OR thoracic[tiab] OR "back"[MeSH Terms] OR back[tiab] OR "arthroplasty"[MeSH Terms] OR arthroplasty[tiab] OR "low back"[tiab] OR "lower back"[tiab] OR "shoulder"[MeSH Terms] OR shoulder[tiab] OR "elbow"[MeSH Terms] OR "elbow joint"[MeSH Terms] OR elbow[tiab] OR "hand"[MeSH Terms] OR hand[tiab] OR "hip"[MeSH Terms] OR hip[tiab] OR "knee"[MeSH Terms] OR "knee joint"[MeSH Terms] OR knee[tiab] OR "anterior cruciate ligament"[MeSH Terms] OR "anterior cruciate ligament"[tiab] OR trauma[tiab] OR "meniscus"[MeSH Terms] OR meniscus[tiab] OR "ankle"[MeSH Terms] OR "ankle joint"[MeSH Terms] OR ankle[tiab] OR "foot"[MeSH Terms] OR foot[tiab] OR "wrist"[MeSH Terms] OR "wrist joint"[MeSH Terms] OR wrist[tiab] OR "upper extremity"[MeSH Terms] OR "upper extremity"[tiab] OR "lower extremity"[MeSH Terms] OR "lower extremity"[tiab] OR "temporomandibular joint"[MeSH Terms] OR temporomandibular[tiab] OR "physiopathology"[Subheading] OR "Orthopedic Procedures"[Mesh] OR "Wounds and Injuries"[Mesh] OR "injuries"[Subheading] OR "Osteoarthritis"[Mesh] OR Osteoarthritis[tiab] OR "Arthritis"[Mesh] OR arthritis[tiab])743,174
2(PROMIS [tiab] OR "patient reported outcome measurement information system"[tiab] OR "patient reported outcomes measurement information system"[tiab])2,493
3#1 AND #21,269
4#3 AND (“sports medicine” [tiab] OR “athletic” [tiab] OR “athlete” [tiab])37

Database: PubMed from 2019 to 2022

SetSearch TermsResults
1(PROMIS OR “patient reported outcomes measurement information system”)4,590
2(“Sports medicine” OR “athlete” OR “athletic”)29,974
3#1 AND #2288
4#3 in review articles, research articles, and book chapters193

Database: ScienceDirect via Elsevier from 2019 to 2022

SetSearch TermsResults
1(Orthopedic OR orthopaedic OR orthopedics OR orthopaedics OR musculoskeletal OR neck OR spine OR spinal OR cervical OR lumbosacral OR lumbar OR thoracic OR back OR arthroplasty OR low back OR lower back OR shoulder OR elbow OR hand OR hip OR knee OR anterior cruciate ligament OR trauma OR meniscus OR ankle OR foot OR wrist OR upper extremity OR lower extremity OR temporomandibular OR physiopathology OR injury OR injuries OR Osteoarthritis OR arthritis)156,556
2(PROMIS OR "patient reported outcomes measurement information system")1,121
3#1 AND #2512
4#3 AND ("sports medicine" OR "athlete" OR "athletic") in Cochrane Reviews and Trials16

Database: Cochrane Library from January 2019 to October 2022

©2023 by the author(s); licensee Ochsner Journal, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode) that permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.

REFERENCES

  1. 1.↵
    1. Tatman LM,
    2. Obremskey WT
    . Patient reported outcomes: the foundation of value. J Orthop Trauma. 2019;33 Suppl 7:S53-S55. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000001613
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  2. 2.↵
    1. Makhni EC,
    2. Padaki AS,
    3. Petridis PD,
    4. et al.
    High variability in outcome reporting patterns in high-impact ACL literature. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015;97(18):1529-1542. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.O.00155
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  3. 3.↵
    1. Cella D,
    2. Yount S,
    3. Rothrock N,
    4. et al.
    The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS): progress of an NIH Roadmap cooperative group during its first two years. Med Care. 2007;45(5 Suppl 1):S3-S11. doi: 10.1097/01.mlr.0000258615.42478.55
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  4. 4.
    1. Reeve BB,
    2. Hays RD,
    3. Bjorner JB,
    4. et al.
    Psychometric evaluation and calibration of health-related quality of life item banks: plans for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Med Care. 2007;45(5 Suppl 1):S22-S31. doi: 10.1097/01.mlr.0000250483.85507.04
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  5. 5.↵
    1. Cella D,
    2. Riley W,
    3. Stone A,
    4. et al.
    The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) developed and tested its first wave of adult self-reported health outcome item banks: 2005-2008. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(11):1179-1194. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.011
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  6. 6.↵
    1. Bjorner JB,
    2. Chang CH,
    3. Thissen D,
    4. Reeve BB
    . Developing tailored instruments: item banking and computerized adaptive assessment. Qual Life Res. 2007;16 Suppl 1:95-108. doi: 10.1007/s11136-007-9168-6
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  7. 7.
    1. Fayers PM
    . Applying item response theory and computer adaptive testing: the challenges for health outcomes assessment. Qual Life Res. 2007;16 Suppl 1:187-194. doi: 10.1007/s11136-007-9197-1
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  8. 8.↵
    1. Choi SW,
    2. Reise SP,
    3. Pilkonis PA,
    4. Hays RD,
    5. Cella D
    . Efficiency of static and computer adaptive short forms compared to full-length measures of depressive symptoms. Qual Life Res. 2010;19(1):125-136. doi: 10.1007/s11136-009-9560-5
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  9. 9.↵
    1. Gibbons LE,
    2. Feldman BJ,
    3. Crane HM,
    4. et al.
    Migrating from a legacy fixed-format measure to CAT administration: calibrating the PHQ-9 to the PROMIS depression measures [published correction appears in Qual Life Res. 2013 Mar;22(2):459-460]. Qual Life Res. 2011;20(9):1349-1357. doi: 10.1007/s11136-011-9882-y
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  10. 10.↵
    1. Lizzio VA,
    2. Blanchett J,
    3. Borowsky P,
    4. et al.
    Feasibility of PROMIS CAT administration in the ambulatory sports medicine clinic with respect to cost and patient compliance: a single-surgeon experience. Orthop J Sports Med. 2019;7(1):2325967118821875. doi: 10.1177/2325967118821875
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  11. 11.↵
    1. Gulledge CM,
    2. Koolmees D,
    3. Smith DG,
    4. et al.
    The PROMIS CAT demonstrates responsiveness in patients after ACL reconstruction across numerous health domains. Orthop J Sports Med. 2021;9(1):2325967120979991. doi: 10.1177/2325967120979991
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  12. 12.↵
    1. Brodke DS,
    2. Goz V,
    3. Voss MW,
    4. Lawrence BD,
    5. Spiker WR,
    6. Hung M
    . PROMIS PF CAT outperforms the ODI and SF-36 physical function domain in spine patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2017;42(12):921-929. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000001965
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  13. 13.↵
    1. Brodke DJ,
    2. Saltzman CL,
    3. Brodke DS
    . PROMIS for orthopaedic outcomes measurement. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2016;24(11):744-749. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-15-00404
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  14. 14.
    1. Hung M,
    2. Hon SD,
    3. Franklin JD,
    4. et al.
    Psychometric properties of the PROMIS physical function item bank in patients with spinal disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014;39(2):158-163. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000097
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  15. 15.↵
    1. Hung M,
    2. Clegg DO,
    3. Greene T,
    4. Saltzman CL
    . Evaluation of the PROMIS physical function item bank in orthopaedic patients. J Orthop Res. 2011;29(6):947-953. doi: 10.1002/jor.21308
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  16. 16.↵
    1. Horn ME,
    2. Reinke EK,
    3. Couce LJ,
    4. Reeve BB,
    5. Ledbetter L,
    6. George SZ
    . Reporting and utilization of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System® (PROMIS®) measures in orthopedic research and practice: a systematic review. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020;15(1):553. doi: 10.1186/s13018-020-02068-9
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  17. 17.↵
    1. Moher D,
    2. Liberati A,
    3. Tetzlaff J,
    4. Altman DG
    ; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  18. 18.↵
    Covidence systematic review software. Veritas Health Innovation. Accessed June 8, 2023. covidence.org/
  19. 19.↵
    1. Andrews NA,
    2. Dib A,
    3. Torrez TW,
    4. et al.
    Impact of patient resilience on outcomes of open Brostrom-Gould lateral ligament repair. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2021;5(11):e21.00103. doi: 10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-21-00103
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  20. 20.
    1. Barnes RH,
    2. Baumann CA,
    3. Woody N,
    4. et al.
    Prescribing fewer opioids after rotator cuff repair and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction lowers opioid consumption without impacting patient-reported pain scores. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2022;4(5):e1653-e1658. doi: 10.1016/j.asmr.2022.06.011
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  21. 21.
    1. Beletsky A,
    2. Nwachukwu BU,
    3. Gorodischer T,
    4. et al.
    Psychometric properties of visual analog scale assessments for function, pain, and strength compared with disease-specific upper extremity outcome measures in rotator cuff repair. JSES Int. 2020;4(3):619-624. doi: 10.1016/j.jseint.2020.04.012
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  22. 22.
    1. Beletsky A,
    2. Nwachukwu BU,
    3. Manderle BJ,
    4. et al.
    The impact of workers' compensation on Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System upper extremity and legacy outcome measures in patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Arthroscopy. 2019;35(10):2817-2824. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2019.05.027
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  23. 23.↵
    1. Bernstein DN,
    2. Franovic S,
    3. Smith DG,
    4. et al.
    Pediatric PROMIS computer adaptive tests are highly correlated with adult PROMIS computer adaptive tests in pediatric sports medicine patients. Am J Sports Med. 2020;48(14):3620-3625. doi: 10.1177/0363546520966034
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  24. 24.
    1. Blanchett JW,
    2. Kuhlmann NA,
    3. Fidai MS,
    4. Borowsky PA,
    5. Muh SJ,
    6. Makhni EC
    . Using Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System computer adaptive testing domains to investigate the impact of obesity on physical function, pain interference, and mental health in sports medicine patients. J Obes Metab Syndr. 2019;28(4):246-253. doi: 10.7570/jomes.2019.28.4.246
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  25. 25.
    1. Bodendorfer BM,
    2. Clapp IM,
    3. Browning RB,
    4. Alter TD,
    5. Nwachukwu BU,
    6. Nho SJ
    . Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System test is less responsive than legacy hip-specific patient-reported outcome measures in patients undergoing arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2021;3(6):e1645-e1650. doi: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.07.020
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  26. 26.
    1. Broughton JS,
    2. Goldfarb CA,
    3. Obey MR,
    4. Smith MV
    . Performance of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scores compared with legacy metrics in evaluating outcomes after surgical treatment for osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral capitellum. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021;30(7):1511-1518. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.11.032
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  27. 27.
    1. Browning RB,
    2. Alter TD,
    3. Clapp IM,
    4. Mehta N,
    5. Nho SJ
    . Patients require less time to complete preoperative Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) than legacy patient-reported outcome measures. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2021;3(5):e1413-e1419. doi: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.06.011
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  28. 28.↵
    1. Cheah JW,
    2. Danilkowicz R,
    3. Hutyra C,
    4. et al.
    High prevalence of sleep disturbance is associated with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2022;4(2):e495-e501. doi: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.11.008
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  29. 29.
    1. Cheng AL,
    2. Calfee R,
    3. Colditz G,
    4. Prather H
    . PROMIS physical and emotional health scores are worse in musculoskeletal patients presenting to physiatrists than to other orthopedic specialists. PM R. 2019;11(6):604-612. doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12068
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  30. 30.
    1. Christino MA,
    2. Sanborn RM,
    3. Miller PE,
    4. et al.
    COVID-delayed elective surgery has a negative effect on young sports medicine patients. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2022;4(4):e1377-e1384. doi: 10.1016/j.asmr.2022.05.001
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  31. 31.
    1. Colasanti CA,
    2. Mercer NP,
    3. Garcia JV,
    4. Kerkhoffs GMMJ,
    5. Kennedy JG
    . In-office needle arthroscopy for the treatment of anterior ankle impingement yields high patient satisfaction with high rates of return to work and sport. Arthroscopy. 2022;38(4):1302-1311. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2021.09.016
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  32. 32.
    1. Collis RW,
    2. McCullough AB,
    3. Ng C,
    4. et al.
    Rate of surgery and baseline characteristics associated with surgery progression in young athletes with prearthritic hip disorders. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(11):2325967120969863. doi: 10.1177/2325967120969863
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  33. 33.
    1. Cross AG,
    2. Yedulla NR,
    3. Ziedas AC,
    4. et al.
    Trends in Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System scores exist between day of surgical scheduling and day of surgery. Arthroscopy. 2022;38(1):139-144. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2021.05.063
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  34. 34.
    1. Day MA,
    2. Hancock KJ,
    3. Antao VC,
    4. et al.
    Preoperative evaluation of the lower extremity-specific PROMIS Mobility bank in patients with ACL tears. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2021;3(4):e1025-e1029. doi: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.03.007
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  35. 35.
    1. Day MA,
    2. Hancock KJ,
    3. Selley RS,
    4. et al.
    Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System mobility computerized adaptive testing maintains high correlation and low test burden compared with legacy hip-specific instruments in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement. Arthroscopy. 2022;38(11):3023-3029. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2022.03.038
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  36. 36.
    1. Fidai MS,
    2. Tramer JS,
    3. Meldau J,
    4. et al.
    Mental health and tobacco use are correlated with physical function outcomes in patients with knee pain and injury. Arthroscopy. 2019;35(12):3295-3301. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2019.06.038
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  37. 37.↵
    1. Forlenza EM,
    2. Lu Y,
    3. Cohn MR,
    4. et al.
    Establishing clinically significant outcomes for Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System after biceps tenodesis. Arthroscopy. 2021;37(6):1731-1739. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.12.236
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  38. 38.
    1. Franovic S,
    2. Kuhlmann NA,
    3. Pietroski A,
    4. et al.
    Preoperative patient-centric predictors of postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing arthroscopic meniscectomy. Arthroscopy. 2021;37(3):964-971. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.10.042
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  39. 39.
    1. Franovic S,
    2. Schlosser C,
    3. Guo E,
    4. et al.
    Investigating the PROMIS physical function and pain interference domains in elite athletes. Orthop J Sports Med. 2021;9(1):2325967120970195. doi: 10.1177/2325967120970195
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  40. 40.
    1. Friedman JM,
    2. You JS,
    3. Hodax JD,
    4. et al.
    Patellar tendon reconstruction with hamstring autograft for the treatment of chronic irreparable patellar tendon injuries. Knee. 2020;27(6):1841-1847. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2020.09.002
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  41. 41.
    1. Fu MC,
    2. Chang B,
    3. Wong AC,
    4. et al.
    PROMIS physical function underperforms psychometrically relative to American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score in patients undergoing anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2019;28(9):1809-1815. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2019.02.011
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  42. 42.
    1. Gambhir N,
    2. Alben MG,
    3. Kim MT,
    4. Pines Y,
    5. Virk MS,
    6. Kwon YW
    . Outcomes after arthroscopic scapulothoracic bursectomy for the treatment of symptomatic snapping scapula syndrome. JSES Int. 2022;6(6):1042-1047. doi: 10.1016/j.jseint.2022.08.002
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  43. 43.↵
    1. Gulledge CM,
    2. Smith DG,
    3. Ziedas A,
    4. Muh SJ,
    5. Moutzouros V,
    6. Makhni EC
    . Floor and ceiling effects, time to completion, and question burden of PROMIS CAT domains among shoulder and knee patients undergoing nonoperative and operative treatment. JB JS Open Access. 2019;4(4):e0015.1-e0015.7. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.OA.19.00015
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  44. 44.
    1. Guo EW,
    2. Elhage K,
    3. Cross AG,
    4. et al.
    Establishing and comparing reference preoperative Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scores in patients undergoing shoulder surgery. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021;30(6):1223-1229. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.09.003
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  45. 45.
    1. Hartwell MJ,
    2. Morgan AM,
    3. Nelson PA,
    4. et al.
    Isolated acetabuloplasty for femoroacetabular impingement: favorable patient-reported outcomes and sustained survivorship at minimum 5-year follow-up. Arthroscopy. 2021;37(11):3288-3294. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2021.03.080
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  46. 46.
    1. Hogan DW,
    2. Burch MB,
    3. Rund JM,
    4. et al.
    No difference in complication rates or patient-reported outcomes between bone-patella tendon-bone and quadriceps tendon autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2021;4(2):e417-e424. eCollection 2022 Apr. doi: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.10.019
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  47. 47.
    1. Jildeh TR,
    2. Castle JP,
    3. Abbas MJ,
    4. Dash ME,
    5. Akioyamen NO,
    6. Okoroha KR
    . Age significantly affects response rate to outcomes questionnaires using mobile messaging software. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2021;3(5):e1349-e1358. doi: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.06.004
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  48. 48.
    1. Kahan JB,
    2. Kassam HF,
    3. Nicholson AD,
    4. Saad MA,
    5. Kovacevic D
    . Performance of PROMIS Global-10 to legacy instruments in patients with lateral epicondylitis. Arthroscopy. 2019;35(3):770-774. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.09.019
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  49. 49.
    1. Khalil L,
    2. Jildeh T,
    3. Tramer J,
    4. et al.
    Paper 21: blood flow restriction therapy improves early patient reported outcomes following ACL reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med. 2022;10(5_suppl3). doi: 10.1177/2325967121S00559
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  50. 50.
    1. Kuhns BD,
    2. Reuter J,
    3. Lawton D,
    4. Kenney RJ,
    5. Baumhauer JF,
    6. Giordano BD
    . Threshold values for success after hip arthroscopy using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System assessment: determining the minimum clinically important difference and patient acceptable symptomatic state. Am J Sports Med. 2020;48(13):3280-3287. doi: 10.1177/0363546520960461
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  51. 51.
    1. Lavoie-Gagne O,
    2. Huddleston HP,
    3. Fu MC,
    4. et al.
    PROMIS upper extremity underperforms psychometrically relative to American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score in patients undergoing primary rotator cuff repair. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2022;31(4):718-725. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2021.10.021
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  52. 52.
    1. Lu Y,
    2. Agarwalla A,
    3. Patel BH,
    4. et al.
    Relationship between the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) computer adaptive testing and legacy instruments in patients undergoing isolated biceps tenodesis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2020;29(6):1214-1222. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2019.11.003
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  53. 53.
    1. Lu Y,
    2. Beletsky A,
    3. Nwachukwu BU,
    4. et al.
    Performance of PROMIS physical function, pain interference, and depression computer adaptive tests instruments in patients undergoing meniscal surgery. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2020;2(5):e451-e459. doi: 10.1016/j.asmr.2020.04.012
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  54. 54.
    1. Makhni EC,
    2. Meldau JE,
    3. Blanchett J,
    4. et al.
    Correlation of PROMIS physical function, pain interference, and depression in pediatric and adolescent patients in the ambulatory sports medicine clinic. Orthop J Sports Med. 2019;7(6):2325967119851100. doi: 10.1177/2325967119851100
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  55. 55.
    1. Meldau JE,
    2. Borowsky P,
    3. Blanchett J,
    4. et al.
    Impact of patient demographic factors on preoperative Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) physical function, pain interference, and depression computer adaptive testing scores in patients undergoing shoulder and elbow surgery. Orthop J Sports Med. 2019;7(11):2325967119884543. doi: 10.1177/2325967119884543
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  56. 56.
    1. Meta F,
    2. Khalil LS,
    3. Ziedas AC,
    4. et al.
    Preoperative opioid use is associated with inferior Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System scores following rotator cuff repair. Arthroscopy. 2022;38(10):2787-2797. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2022.03.032
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  57. 57.
    1. Minaie A,
    2. Bernholt DL,
    3. Block AM,
    4. et al.
    Normative PROMIS scores in healthy collegiate athletes: establishing a target for return to function in the young adult athlete. Orthop J Sports Med. 2021;9(8):23259671211017162. doi: 10.1177/23259671211017162
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  58. 58.
    1. Moran TE,
    2. Demers AJ,
    3. Shank KM,
    4. Awowale JT,
    5. Miller MD
    . Percutaneous medial collateral ligament release improves medial compartment access during knee arthroscopy. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2020;3(1):e105-e114. eCollection 2021 Feb. doi: 10.1016/j.asmr.2020.08.014
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  59. 59.↵
    1. Nadarajah V,
    2. Sood A,
    3. Kator JL,
    4. et al.
    Evaluation of preoperative pain in patients undergoing shoulder surgery using the PROMIS pain interference computer-adaptive test. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2020;11(Suppl 4):S539-S545. doi: 10.1016/j.jcot.2020.04.025
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  60. 60.
    1. Nicholson AD,
    2. Estrada JA,
    3. Mathew JI,
    4. et al.
    Minimum 15-year follow-up for clinical outcomes of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2022;31(8):1696-1703. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2022.01.116
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  61. 61.
    1. Nwachukwu BU,
    2. Beletsky A,
    3. Naveen N,
    4. et al.
    Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) instruments correlate better with legacy measures in knee cartilage patients at postoperative than at preoperative assessment. Arthroscopy. 2020;36(5):1419-1428. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.01.036
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  62. 62.
    1. Nwachukwu BU,
    2. Rasio J,
    3. Beck EC,
    4. et al.
    Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System physical function has a lower effect size and is less responsive than legacy hip specific patient reported outcome measures following arthroscopic hip surgery. Arthroscopy. 2020;36(12):2992-2997. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.07.008
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  63. 63.
    1. Okoroha KR,
    2. Lu Y,
    3. Nwachukwu BU,
    4. et al.
    How should we define clinically significant improvement on Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System test for patients undergoing knee meniscal surgery? Arthroscopy. 2020;36(1):241-250. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2019.07.036
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  64. 64.
    1. Okoroha KR,
    2. Ussef N,
    3. Jildeh TR,
    4. et al.
    Comparison of tendon lengthening with traditional versus accelerated rehabilitation after Achilles tendon repair: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2020;48(7):1720-1726. doi: 10.1177/0363546520909389
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  65. 65.
    1. Paget LDA,
    2. Aoki H,
    3. Kemp S,
    4. et al.
    Ankle osteoarthritis and its association with severe ankle injuries, ankle surgeries and health-related quality of life in recently retired professional male football and rugby players: a cross-sectional observational study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(6):e036775. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-036775
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  66. 66.
    1. Patel RM,
    2. Tarkunde Y,
    3. Wall LB,
    4. Schimizzi G,
    5. Goldfarb CA
    . Long-term outcomes of operatively treated medial epicondyle fractures in pediatric and adolescent patients. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2021;3(3):124-128. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2021.02.006
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  67. 67.
    1. Pietroski AD,
    2. Burdick GB,
    3. Warren JR,
    4. Franovic S,
    5. Muh SJ
    . Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurements Information System (PROMIS) upper extremity and pain interference do not significantly predict rotator cuff tear dimensions. JSES Int. 2021;6(1):56-61. eCollection 2022 Jan. doi: 10.1016/j.jseint.2021.10.003
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  68. 68.
    1. Roberts AM,
    2. Voloshin I
    . Mapping physical functions of the shoulder to American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System scores. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2020;29(4):707-718. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2019.08.017
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  69. 69.
    1. Schafer KA,
    2. Minaie A,
    3. Nepple JJ
    . Outcome metrics in pediatric sports medicine: do PROMIS computer-adaptive testing metrics correlate with Pedi-IKDC? J Pediatr Orthop. 2020;40(7):e616-e620. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000001508
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  70. 70.
    1. Schaffer JC,
    2. Kuhns B,
    3. Reuter J,
    4. et al.
    Clinically depressed patients having anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction show improved but inferior rate of achieving minimum clinically important difference for Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System compared with situationally depressed or nondepressed patients. Arthroscopy. 2022;38(10):2863-2872. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2022.04.013
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  71. 71.
    1. Schreiner AJ,
    2. Stannard JP,
    3. Cook CR,
    4. et al.
    Initial clinical outcomes comparing frozen versus fresh meniscus allograft transplants. Knee. 2020;27(6):1811-1820. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2020.09.015
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  72. 72.↵
    1. Shamrock AG,
    2. Wolf BR,
    3. Ortiz SF,
    4. et al.
    Preoperative validation of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System in patients with articular cartilage defects of the knee. Arthroscopy. 2020;36(2):516-520. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2019.08.043
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  73. 73.
    1. Simon JE,
    2. Valier ARS,
    3. Kerr ZY,
    4. Djoko A,
    5. Marshall SW,
    6. Dompier TP
    . Changes in patient-reported outcome measures from the time of injury to return to play in adolescent athletes at secondary schools with an athletic trainer. J Athl Train. 2019;54(2):170-176. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-553-15
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  74. 74.↵
    1. Sochacki KR,
    2. Dong D,
    3. Peterson L,
    4. McCulloch PC,
    5. Harris JD
    . The measurement of orthopaedic surgeon burnout using a validated wearable device. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2019;1(2):e115-e121. doi: 10.1016/j.asmr.2019.09.004
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  75. 75.
    1. Kubala JT,
    2. Pannill HL,
    3. Fasczewski KS,
    4. Rivera LA,
    5. Bouldin ED,
    6. Howard JS
    . Comparing the primary concerns of injured collegiate athletes with the content of patient-reported outcome measures. J Athl Train. 2023;58(3):252-260. Epub 2022 May 27. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-0516.21
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  76. 76.
    1. Tramer JS,
    2. Khalil LS,
    3. Jildeh TR,
    4. et al.
    Blood flow restriction therapy for 2 weeks prior to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction did not impact quadriceps strength compared to standard therapy. Arthroscopy. 2023;39(2):373-381. Epub 2022 Jul 14. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2022.06.027
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  77. 77.
    1. Tyser AR,
    2. Allen CM,
    3. Presson AP,
    4. et al.
    Evaluating the performance of PROMIS and QuickDASH instruments in an intercollegiate Division 1 athlete population. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021;30(1):158-164. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.05.008
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  78. 78.
    1. Tyser AR,
    2. Hung M,
    3. Bounsanga J,
    4. Voss MW,
    5. Kazmers NH
    . Evaluation of version 2.0 of the PROMIS upper extremity computer adaptive test in nonshoulder upper extremity patients. J Hand Surg Am. 2019;44(4):267-273. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.01.008
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  79. 79.
    1. Wikstrom EA,
    2. Song K
    . Generic and psychological patient-reported deficits in those with chronic ankle instability: a cross sectional study. Phys Ther Sport. 2019;40:137-142. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.09.004
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  80. 80.
    1. Wright MA,
    2. Adelani M,
    3. Dy C,
    4. O'Keefe R,
    5. Calfee RP
    . What is the impact of social deprivation on physical and mental health in orthopaedic patients? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2019;477(8):1825-1835. doi: 10.1097/CORR.0000000000000698
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  81. 81.↵
    1. Yagnik GP,
    2. Santos ED,
    3. Rothfeld AA,
    4. Uribe JW,
    5. Cohn TM
    . Spanish translation and cross-language validation of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021;30(1):151-157. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.05.020
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  82. 82.
    1. Yedulla NR,
    2. Tramer JS,
    3. Koolmees DS,
    4. et al.
    Preoperative Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Computerized Adaptive Testing (PROMIS CAT) scores predict achievement of minimum clinically important difference following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using an anchor-based methodology. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2021;3(6):e1891-e1898. doi: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.004
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  83. 83.↵
    1. Ziedas AC,
    2. Castle JP,
    3. Abed V,
    4. et al.
    Race and socioeconomic status are associated with inferior patient-reported outcome measures following rotator cuff repair. Arthroscopy. 2023;39(2):234-242. Epub 2022 Oct 5. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2022.08.043
    OpenUrlCrossRef
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Email Article
Citation Tools

Jump to section

Keywords