RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Coccydynia: An Overview of the Anatomy, Etiology, and Treatment of Coccyx Pain
JF Ochsner Journal
JO Ochsner J
FD O. P. Jindal Global University
SP 84
OP 87
VO 14
IS 1
A1 Lirette, Lesley Smallwood
A1 Chaiban, Gassan
A1 Tolba, Reda
A1 Eissa, Hazem
YR 2014
UL http://www.ochsnerjournal.org/content/14/1/84.abstract
AB Background Despite its small size, the coccyx has several important functions. Along with being the insertion site for multiple muscles, ligaments, and tendons, it also serves as one leg of the tripod—along with the ischial tuberosities—that provides weight-bearing support to a person in the seated position. The incidence of coccydynia (pain in the region of the coccyx) has not been reported, but factors associated with increased risk of developing coccydynia include obesity and female gender.Methods This article provides an overview of the anatomy, physiology, and treatment of coccydynia.Results Conservative treatment is successful in 90% of cases, and many cases resolve without medical treatment. Treatments for refractory cases include pelvic floor rehabilitation, manual manipulation and massage, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, psychotherapy, steroid injections, nerve block, spinal cord stimulation, and surgical procedures.Conclusion A multidisciplinary approach employing physical therapy, ergonomic adaptations, medications, injections, and, possibly, psychotherapy leads to the greatest chance of success in patients with refractory coccyx pain. Although new surgical techniques are emerging, more research is needed before their efficacy can be established.