Table 3.

Analysis of Variance Comparing the Means and Standard Deviations of Personality Traits by Student Group

Trait	Student Group	n	Mean ± SD	95% CI for Mean	P Value
Novelty seeking^a	Domestic	230	2.70 ± 0.43	2.64-2.75
	UQ-Ochsner	75	2.82 ± 0.42	2.72-2.91
	International	70	2.70 ± 0.40	2.60-2.79
	Total	375	2.72 ± 0.42	2.68-2.76
Harm avoidance^a	Domestic	230	2.79 ± 0.71	2.70-2.88
	UQ-Ochsner	75	2.56 ± 0.66	2.41-2.71	0.039
	International	70	2.74 ± 0.65	2.59-2.90
	Total	375	2.74 ± 0.69	2.67-2.81
Reward dependence^a	Domestic	230	3.39 ± 0.53	3.33-3.46
	UQ-Ochsner	75	3.45 ± 0.60	3.31-3.59
	International	70	3.39 ± 0.46	3.28-3.50
	Total	375	3.40 ± 0.53	3.35-3.46
Persistence^a	Domestic	230	3.79 ± 0.56	3.72-3.86
	UQ-Ochsner	75	3.91 ± 0.47	3.80-4.02
	International	70	3.88 ± 0.51	3.76-4.01
	Total	375	3.83 ± 0.53	3.78-3.88
Self-directedness^a	Domestic	230	3.62 ± 0.59	3.55-3.70
	UQ-Ochsner	75	3.85 ± 0.55	3.73-3.98	0.005
	International	70	3.78 ± 0.54	3.65-3.90
	Total	375	3.70 ± 0.58	3.64-3.76
Cooperativeness^a	Domestic	230	4.03 ± 0.44	3.97-4.08
	UQ-Ochsner	75	4.07 ± 0.42	3.98-4.17
	International	70	4.12 ± 0.43	4.02-4.22
	Total	375	4.05 ± 0.43	4.01-4.10
Self-transcendence^a	Domestic	230	2.59 ± 0.62	2.51-2.67
	UQ-Ochsner	75	2.95 ± 0.65	2.80-3.10	0.001
	International	70	2.85 ± 0.58	2.71-2.99
	Total	375	2.71 ± 0.64	2.65-2.78
Resilience^b	Domestic	226	80.76 ± 10.39	79.40-82.12	0.004
	UQ-Ochsner	74	84.99 ± 8.60	82.99-86.98
	International	69	83.06 ± 9.68	80.74-85.39
	Total	369	82.04 ± 10.04	81.01-83.07
Calling^c	Domestic	226	7.16 ± 2.10	6.88-7.43
	UQ-Ochsner	74	8.24 ± 1.71	7.85-8.64	0.001
	International	69	8.52 ± 1.47	8.17-8.88
	Total	369	7.63 ± 2.01	7.43-7.84

Note: Only P values <0.05 are reported.
↵^aTemperament and Character Inventory means are calculated based on a Likert scale of 1 to 5: 1.00-1.50=very low, 1.51-2.50=low, 2.51-3.50=average, 3.51-4.50=high, and 4.51-5.00=very high.
↵^bResilience scores range from 14-98. Low scores are <65, moderate scores are 65-81, and high scores are >81.
↵^cCalling scores range from 2-10. Higher scores equate to a higher levels of calling.
UQ, The University of Queensland.