Characteristic | 1% Lidocaine Hydrochloride | 2% Lidocaine Hydrochloride | 0.25% Bupivacaine Hydrochloride | 0.5% Bupivacaine Hydrochloride | 0.5% Ropivacaine Hydrochloride |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trade name(s) | Xylocaine | Marcaine, Sensorcaine | Naropin | ||
Lipid solubility3 | 25 | 346 | 115 | ||
Potency1 | + | +++ | ++ | ||
pKa1,3 | 7.8 | 8.1 | 8.1 | ||
Onset of action, minutes1,3,13,14 | Fast (<2) | Long (2-10) | Moderate (<2-10) | ||
Protein binding, %1 | 70 | 95 | 94 | ||
Duration of action, minutes3,23 | 30-120 | 180-360 | 140-200 | ||
Cardiac toxicity1,3,5,17,18 | ++ | +++ | + | ||
Central nervous system toxicity3,5,15,16 | + | +++ | ++ | ||
Chondrocyte toxicity2,3,6-8 | ++ | ++ | + | ||
Tenocyte toxicity | Potential for toxicity that appears to be greater than other local anesthetics9,10,12 | Potential for toxicity7,11,12 | Potential for toxicity when combined with dexamethasone9 | ||
Typical dose, mL3,24-26 | 3-5 | 0.5-2 | 2-4 | ||
Maximum dose without epinephrine, mg/kg1,3,5,27 | 3-5 | 2 | 3 | ||
Cost | + | ++ | +++ |
Note: + signifies least and +++ signifies most.
pKa, acid dissociation constant.