Abstract
Purpose
To prospectively evaluate the clinical, radiographic, and sports-related outcomes at 24 months after isolated and combined patellofemoral inlay resurfacing (PFIR).
Methods
Between 2009 and 2010, 29 consecutive patients with patellofemoral osteoarthritis (OA) were treated with the HemiCAP® Wave Patellofemoral Resurfacing System (Arthrosurface, Franklin, MA, USA). Based on preoperative findings, patients were divided into two groups: group I, isolated PFIR (n = 20); and group II, combined PFIR with concomitant procedures to address patellofemoral instability, patellofemoral malalignment, and tibiofemoral malalignment (n = 9). Patients were evaluated preoperatively and at 24 months postoperatively. Clinical outcomes included WOMAC, subjective IKDC, Pain VAS, Tegner activity score, and a self-designed sports questionnaire. Kellgren–Lawrence grading was used to assess progression of tibiofemoral OA. The Caton–Deschamps Index was used to assess differences in patellar height.
Results
Twenty-seven patients (93 %) were available for 24-month follow-up. Eighty-one per cent of the patients were either satisfied or very satisfied with the overall outcome. Significant improvements in the WOMAC, subjective IKDC, and Pain VAS were seen in the overall patient cohort and in both subgroups. The median Tegner score and sports frequency showed a significant increase in the overall patient cohort and in group II. The number of sports disciplines increased significantly in both subgroups. No significant progression of tibiofemoral OA or changes in patellar height were observed.
Conclusion
Patellofemoral inlay resurfacing is an effective and safe procedure in patients with symptomatic patellofemoral OA. Significant improvements in functional scores and sports activity were found after both isolated and combined procedures.
Level of evidence
Prospective case series, Level III.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arciero RA, Toomey HE (1988) Patellofemoral arthroplasty. A three- to nine-year follow-up study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 236:60–71
Arendt E (2005) Anatomy and malalignment of the patellofemoral joint: its relation to patellofemoral arthrosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 436:71–75
Argenson JN, Flecher X, Parratte S, Aubaniac JM (2005) Patellofemoral arthroplasty: an update. Clin Orthop Relat Res 440:50–53
Beitzel K, Schottle PB, Cotic M, Dharmesh V, Imhoff AB (2013) Prospective clinical and radiological two-year results after patellofemoral arthroplasty using an implant with an asymmetric trochlea design. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 21(2):332–339
Bellamy N, Buchanan WW, Goldsmith CH, Campbell J, Stitt LW (1988) Validation study of WOMAC: a health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Rheumatol 15(12):1833–1840
Blazina ME, Fox JM, Del Pizzo W, Broukhim B, Ivey FM (1979) Patellofemoral replacement. Clin Orthop Relat Res 144:98–102
Board TN, Mahmood A, Ryan WG, Banks AJ (2004) The Lubinus patellofemoral arthroplasty: a series of 17 cases. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 124(5):285–287
Bollars P, Bosquet M, Vandekerckhove B, Hardeman F, Bellemans J (2012) Prosthetic inlay resurfacing for the treatment of focal, full thickness cartilage defects of the femoral condyle: a bridge between biologics and conventional arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 20(9):1753–1759
Cannon A, Stolley M, Wolf B, Amendola A (2008) Patellofemoral resurfacing arthroplasty: literature review and description of a novel technique. Iowa Orthop J 28:42–48
Cartier P, Sanouiller JL, Khefacha A (2005) Long-term results with the first patellofemoral prosthesis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 436:47–54
Caton J, Deschamps G, Chambat P, Lerat JL, Dejour H (1982) Patella infera. Apropos of 128 cases. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 68(5):317–325
Charalambous CP, Abiddin Z, Mills SP, Rogers S, Sutton P, Parkinson R (2011) The low contact stress patellofemoral replacement: high early failure rate. J Bone Joint Surg Br 93(4):484–489
Dahm DL, Al-Rayashi W, Dajani K, Shah JP, Levy BA, Stuart MJ (2010) Patellofemoral arthroplasty versus total knee arthroplasty in patients with isolated patellofemoral osteoarthritis. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 39(10):487–491
Davidson PA, Rivenburgh D (2008) Focal anatomic patellofemoral inlay resurfacing: theoretic basis, surgical technique, and case reports. Orthop Clin North Am 39(3):337–346
de Winter WE, Feith R, van Loon CJ (2001) The Richards type II patellofemoral arthroplasty: 26 cases followed for 1–20 years. Acta Orthop Scand 72(5):487–490
Dickschas J, Harrer J, Pfefferkorn R, Strecker W (2012) Operative treatment of patellofemoral maltracking with torsional osteotomy. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 132(3):289–298
Donell ST, Glasgow MM (2007) Isolated patellofemoral osteoarthritis. Knee 14(3):169–176
Dy CJ, Franco N, Ma Y, Mazumdar M, McCarthy MM, Gonzalez Della Valle A (2012) Complications after patello-femoral versus total knee replacement in the treatment of isolated patello-femoral osteoarthritis A meta-analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 20(11):2174–2190
Fulkerson JP (2005) Alternatives to patellofemoral arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 436:76–80
Ghosh KM, Merican AM, Iranpour F, Deehan DJ, Amis AA (2009) The effect of overstuffing the patellofemoral joint on the extensor retinaculum of the knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 17(10):1211–1216
Gould D, Kelly D, Goldstone L, Gammon J (2001) Examining the validity of pressure ulcer risk assessment scales: developing and using illustrated patient simulations to collect the data. J Clin Nurs 10(5):697–706
Grelsamer RP, Dejour D, Gould J (2008) The pathophysiology of patellofemoral arthritis. Orthop Clin North Am 39(3):269–274
Grelsamer RP, Stein DA (2006) Patellofemoral arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88(8):1849–1860
Hinterwimmer S, Rosenstiel N, Lenich A, Waldt S, Imhoff AB (2012) Femoral osteotomy for patellofemoral instability. Unfallchirurg 115(5):410–416
Hollinghurst D, Stoney J, Ward T, Pandit H, Beard D, Murray DW (2007) In vivo sagittal plane kinematics of the Avon patellofemoral arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 22(1):117–123
Irrgang JJ, Anderson AF, Boland AL, Harner CD, Kurosaka M, Neyret P, Richmond JC, Shelborne KD (2001) Development and validation of the international knee documentation committee subjective knee form. Am J Sports Med 29(5):600–613
Kellgren JH, Lawrence JS (1957) Radiological assessment of osteo-arthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis 16(4):494–502
Kim BS, Reitman RD, Schai PA, Scott RD (1999) Selective patellar nonresurfacing in total knee arthroplasty. 10 year results. Clin Orthop Relat Res 367:81–88
Kohn LM, Meidinger G, Beitzel K, Banke IJ, Hensler D, Imhoff AB, Schottle PB (2013) Isolated and combined medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction in revision surgery for patellofemoral instability: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med 41(9):2128–2135
Kooijman HJ, Driessen AP, van Horn JR (2003) Long-term results of patellofemoral arthroplasty. A report of 56 arthroplasties with 17 years of follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Br 85(6):836–840
Krajca-Radcliffe JB, Coker TP (1996) Patellofemoral arthroplasty. A 2- to 18-year followup study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 330:143–151
Leadbetter WB (2008) Patellofemoral arthroplasty in the treatment of patellofemoral arthritis: rationale and outcomes in younger patients. Orthop Clin North Am 39(3):363–380
Leadbetter WB, Kolisek FR, Levitt RL, Brooker AF, Zietz P, Marker DR, Bonutti PM, Mont MA (2009) Patellofemoral arthroplasty: a multi-centre study with minimum 2-year follow-up. Int Orthop 33(6):1597–1601
Leadbetter WB, Ragland PS, Mont MA (2005) The appropriate use of patellofemoral arthroplasty: an analysis of reported indications, contraindications, and failures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 436:91–99
Leadbetter WB, Seyler TM, Ragland PS, Mont MA (2006) Indications, contraindications, and pitfalls of patellofemoral arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88(Suppl 4):122–137
Lonner JH (2004) Patellofemoral arthroplasty: pros, cons, and design considerations. Clin Orthop Relat Res 428:158–165
Lonner JH (2008) Patellofemoral arthroplasty: the impact of design on outcomes. Orthop Clin North Am 39(3):347–354
Lonner JH, Jasko JG, Booth RE Jr (2006) Revision of a failed patellofemoral arthroplasty to a total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88(11):2337–2342
Lustig S, Magnussen RA, Dahm DL, Parker D (2012) Patellofemoral arthroplasty, where are we today? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 20(7):1216–1226
McKeever DC (1955) Patellar prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 37-A(5):1074–1084
Mihalko WM, Boachie-Adjei Y, Spang JT, Fulkerson JP, Arendt EA, Saleh KJ (2008) Controversies and techniques in the surgical management of patellofemoral arthritis. Instr Course Lect 57:365–380
Monk AP, van Duren BH, Pandit H, Shakespeare D, Murray DW, Gill HS (2012) In vivo sagittal plane kinematics of the FPV patellofemoral replacement. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 20(6):1104–1109
Mont MA, Haas S, Mullick T, Hungerford DS (2002) Total knee arthroplasty for patellofemoral arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 84-A(11):1977–1981
Munoz-Mahamud E, Popescu D, Nunez E, Lozano LM, Nunez M, Sastre S, Torner P, Segur JM, Macule F (2011) Secondary patellar resurfacing in the treatment of patellofemoral pain after total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 19(9):1467–1472
Nicol SG, Loveridge JM, Weale AE, Ackroyd CE, Newman JH (2006) Arthritis progression after patellofemoral joint replacement. Knee 13(4):290–295
Outerbridge RE (1961) The etiology of chondromalacia patellae. J Bone Joint Surg Br 43-B:752–757
Parvizi J, Stuart MJ, Pagnano MW, Hanssen AD (2001) Total knee arthroplasty in patients with isolated patellofemoral arthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 392:147–152
Pilling RW, Moulder E, Allgar V, Messner J, Sun Z, Mohsen A (2012) Patellar resurfacing in primary total knee replacement: a meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 94(24):2270–2278
Provencher M, Ghodadra NS, Verma NN, Cole BJ, Zaire S, Shewman E, Bach BR Jr (2009) Patellofemoral kinematics after limited resurfacing of the trochlea. J Knee Surg 22(4):310–316
Schoettle PB, Zanetti M, Seifert B, Pfirrmann CW, Fucentese SF, Romero J (2006) The tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance; a comparative study between CT and MRI scanning. Knee 13(1):26–31
Schottle PB, Hensler D, Imhoff AB (2010) Anatomical double-bundle MPFL reconstruction with an aperture fixation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 18(2):147–151
Smith AM, Peckett WR, Butler-Manuel PA, Venu KM, d’Arcy JC (2002) Treatment of patello-femoral arthritis using the Lubinus patello-femoral arthroplasty: a retrospective review. Knee 9(1):27–30
Strecker W, Keppler P, Gebhard F, Kinzl L (1997) Length and torsion of the lower limb. J Bone Joint Surg Br 79(6):1019–1023
Tarassoli P, Punwar S, Khan W, Johnstone D (2012) Patellofemoral arthroplasty: a systematic review of the literature. Open Orthop J 6:340–347
Tauro B, Ackroyd CE, Newman JH, Shah NA (2001) The Lubinus patellofemoral arthroplasty. A five- to ten-year prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg Br 83(5):696–701
Tegner Y, Lysholm J (1985) Rating systems in the evaluation of knee ligament injuries. Clin Orthop Relat Res 198:43–49
van Jonbergen HP, Werkman DM, van Kampen A (2009) Conversion of patellofemoral arthroplasty to total knee arthroplasty: a matched case-control study of 13 patients. Acta Orthop 80(1):62–66
van Wagenberg JM, Speigner B, Gosens T, de Waal Malefijt J (2009) Midterm clinical results of the Autocentric II patellofemoral prosthesis. Int Orthop 33(6):1603–1608
Walker T, Perkinson B, Mihalko WM (2012) Patellofemoral arthroplasty: the other unicompartmental knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am 94(18):1712–1720
Yadav B, Shaw D, Radcliffe G, Dachepalli S, Kluge W (2012) Mobile-bearing, congruent patellofemoral prosthesis: short-term results. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 20(3):348–352
Conflict of interest
A.B. Imhoff and P.B. Schöttle are consultants for Arthrosurface. The company had no influence on study design, data collection, and interpretation of the results or the final manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Andreas B. Imhoff and Matthias J. Feucht have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Imhoff, A.B., Feucht, M.J., Meidinger, G. et al. Prospective evaluation of anatomic patellofemoral inlay resurfacing: clinical, radiographic, and sports-related results after 24 months. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 23, 1299–1307 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-013-2786-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-013-2786-3