A Post-Discharge Smoking-Cessation Intervention for Hospital Patients: Helping Hand 2 Randomized Clinical Trial
Introduction
Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the U.S.1 Clinical guidelines recommend that clinicians offer tobacco-cessation counseling and pharmacotherapy to all adult smokers.2, 3 Hospital admission offers smokers a unique opportunity to quit because U.S. hospitals are smoke free, requiring smokers to temporarily abstain from tobacco use while in an environment free of their usual smoking cues. At the same time, the illness requiring hospitalization, especially if tobacco related, may enhance a smoker’s motivation to quit by making the health risks of tobacco more salient.4 Offering tobacco-cessation treatment to hospitalized smokers increases by 40% the proportion of smokers who quit after discharge, but only if treatment started in hospital continues after discharge.4 A hospital quality measure adopted in 2012 by the Joint Commission and endorsed by the National Quality Forum requires hospitals to offer tobacco-cessation counseling and pharmacotherapy to all hospitalized smokers and provide or refer smokers to treatment resources after discharge.4, 5
For hospitals, major challenges to providing evidence-based care and satisfying the tobacco quality measure are providing in-hospital cessation services and sustaining tobacco treatment after discharge.6 To address the latter problem, the authors’ previous study developed a system-level intervention to facilitate delivery of tobacco-cessation counseling and medication after hospital discharge. Smokers received a refillable 1-month supply of tobacco-cessation medication at discharge and a series of automated telephone calls using interactive voice response (IVR) technology for 3 months. At each call, a smoker could request a return call from a live tobacco counselor. The previous single-site RCT, Helping HAND (Hospital-initiated Assistance for Nicotine Dependence, HH1), demonstrated the effectiveness of this intervention over standard care for increasing smoking-cessation rates after discharge.7
This model was adapted to improve its scalability for dissemination. In HH1, smokers who requested cessation support at an automated call received a subsequent return call from a hospital-based counselor funded by the research project. In the new model, smokers were transferred directly in a two-step process from the automated call to a telephone quitline provider. Quitlines are an evidence-based resource offering free cessation counseling to U.S. smokers who call a toll-free phone number.8, 9 Quitlines’ universal accessibility makes them ideal resources for sustaining tobacco treatment after hospitalization. The new model’s ability to transfer a smoker in real time from an automated call to a quitline service was expected to facilitate treatment use, thereby enhancing tobacco abstinence after discharge.
The new Sustained Care intervention was compared with Standard Care in a multi-site RCT. The hypothesis was that Sustained Care would increase the proportion of individuals who used evidence-based tobacco-cessation treatment and were tobacco abstinent 6 months after hospital discharge. This report also compares these results with those of the previous trial in a post hoc analysis.
Section snippets
Methods
The Helping HAND 2 Trial (HH2), a three-site RCT, was approved by the IRBs of Partners HealthCare and the University of Pittsburgh and registered with the NIH Clinical Trials Registry (#NCT01714323). A detailed study protocol has been published.10
Results
From December 3, 2012, to July 18, 2014, a total of 15,983 smokers were counseled at the three hospitals, and 3,514 (22%) met initial study inclusion criteria (daily smoker, plans to quit smoking, accepts medication) (Figure 1). Of these, 1,959 (56%) could be screened for eligibility and 1,416 (72% of those screened) were eligible. Figure 1 displays the most common reasons for ineligibility. A total of 1,359 smokers (96% of those eligible, 69% of those screened) enrolled and were randomly
Discussion
This large multisite RCT tested the effectiveness of a program to promote long-term tobacco cessation for hospitalized cigarette smokers who received smoking counseling as inpatients and wanted to quit smoking. The strategy to help smokers quit was to facilitate continuation of tobacco-cessation treatment begun in the hospital. The treatment model was adapted from an intervention with proven effectiveness in a previous single-site randomized trial.7 In the current trial (HH2) as in the earlier
Conclusions
This trial aimed to enhance the scalability of a previously proven smoking-cessation intervention for hospital patients by linking post-discharge automated IVR calls to a telephone quitline in real time. The new model was feasible and replicated the original intervention’s effectiveness in increasing the delivery of smoking-cessation counseling and medication for 3 months after hospital discharge compared with standard care. It produced higher self-reported smoking-cessation rates at all
Acknowledgments
TelAsk Technologies of Ottawa, Canada, developed and provided the interactive voice response services. Alere Wellbeing, Inc., provided the telephone quitline services. We are grateful to the smoking-cessation counselors and research staff at all of the study sites for helping to conduct the study. In particular, we acknowledge the contribution of Esa Davis, MD, of University of Pittsburgh, who replaced Dr. Tindle as principal investigator of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center site in
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Cited by (0)
This article is part of a theme section titled Implementing Tobacco Cessation Interventions for Hospitalized Smokers