Research ArticleTotal n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake is inversely associated with serum C-reactive protein in young Japanese women
Introduction
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive marker of inflammation that is independently and directly associated with cardiovascular disease [1], type 2 diabetes [2], and metabolic syndrome [3]. Identification of modifiable lifestyle factors that influence circulating CRP concentrations (eg, dietary habits) is thus vitally important from a prevention perspective. Nutrients suggested to be associated with CRP concentration in epidemiologic studies include fat and several fatty acids [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], dietary fiber [4], [9], [10], magnesium [11], [12], and vitamin C [13], [14]. At the food level, associations have been reported for fruits [14], [15], [16], vegetables [14], [15], [16], and fish [17]. An association with dietary glycemic load (a measure of carbohydrate quality and quantity) has also been suggested [18]. However, almost all these studies have been conducted in middle-aged and elderly populations in Western countries [4], [5], [6], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], and evidence from non-Western countries [7], [8] and young adult populations [7] is extremely limited.
Here, we conducted a cross-sectional study of associations between selected dietary factors, that is, intake of total fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), total n-3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), total dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber, magnesium, and vitamin C; intake of fruits, vegetables, and fish and shellfish; and dietary glycemic load, with serum CRP concentration in a group of young Japanese women.
Research among Japanese populations is important because the differences in dietary habits between Japanese and Western populations (particularly, higher intake of fish and, hence, n-3 PUFA in Japanese than in Western populations [19], [20]) hamper the extrapolation of findings in Western countries to Japanese. Research among young adult populations is also important from the standpoint of prevention. We hypothesized that dietary habits (particularly n-3 PUFA intake) influence serum CRP concentrations in young Japanese women.
Section snippets
Subjects
The present study was based on a multicenter survey conducted from February to March 2006 among female dietetic students from 10 institutions in Japan. All measurements at each institution were conducted according to the survey protocol. Staff at each institution provided an outline of the survey to potential subjects. Those responding positively were then provided detailed written and oral explanations of the general purpose and procedure of the survey. The protocol of the study was approved
Results
Subject characteristics are shown in Table 1. Mean ± SD serum CRP concentration was 0.302 ± 0.727 mg/L, with a range of 0.025 to 7.100 mg/L. The prevalence of elevated CRP concentration was 5.6%. Overall, subjects were characterized by a relatively low BMI (mean ± SD, 21.3 ± 2.9 kg/m2) and a low smoking rate (3.4%). About three fifths (59.1%) of subjects were alcohol nondrinkers, and dietary supplements were used by about one fifth (19.4%) of subjects. Mean ± SD dietary intake was 1.1 ± 0.3% of
Discussion
In this study of young Japanese women, we found that a higher intake of total n-3 PUFA was associated with a lower prevalence of elevated CRP concentrations, independently of potential confounding factors, including BMI. Similar inverse relations have been observed not only in middle-aged American women [6] but also in elderly Japanese men and women [8]. The inverse relation between total n-3 PUFA intake and circulating CRP is biologically reasonable, given that n-3 PUFA possesses
Acknowledgment
This study was supported by grants from the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan.
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